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Five More Steps to Research Paper Success:

The Research Proces= s in Five More Steps

Leading Into Quotes=

Leading Into Quotes (Continued)

Contextualizing Quo= tes

Contextualizing Quo= tes (Continued)

Elaborating on Quot= es

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)

Citing Paraphrases<= /a>

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)

Style

Style (Continued)

Style (Continued)

Style (Continued)

Style (Continued)

Style (Continued)

Works Cited Lists

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Research Paper Adde= nda

Title Page<= /font>

Abstract

Appendix

Footnotes and Endno= tes

Footnotes and Endno= tes (Continued)

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Five More Steps to Research Paper Success:
Documentation, Styl= e, and Full-text Citation

The Research Proces= s in Five More Steps
Lead into, contextu= alize, and elaborate on quotes.
Cite paraphrases.
Document sources us= ing appropriate style.
Create a works cite= d list.
Include title page,= abstract, appendix, footnotes, or endnotes if appropriate.

Leading Into Quotes=
Lead into quotes to= . . .
Avoid plagiarism.
Transition.<= /td>
Include source info= rmation in-text rather than in parenthetical citation.
Worse: Richard Wors= nop states that many in law enforcement believe capital punishment is “the least cost-effective way of reducing violent crime” (“Will Support for Executi= ons Continue to Grow?” 349).
Better: In “Will Su= pport for Executions Continue to Grow?,” Richard Worsnop states that many in law enforcement believe capital punishment is “the least cost-effective way= of reducing violent crime” (349).

Leading Into Quotes (Continued)
Stock lead-in phras= es:
According to . . .<= /font>
In Title of Book, J= ane Doe states . . .
As John Smith argue= s in “Title of Article,” . . .

Contextualizing Quo= tes
Contextualize quote= s . . .
By providing enough= information from them.
By recording that i= nformation in complete sentences.
Worse: According to= Richard Worsnop in “Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?,” “A Gallup Po= ll taken in September 1994 reported that 80 percent of the respondents” (35= 7).
Better: In “Will Su= pport for Executions Continue to Grow?,” Richard Worsnop states, “A Gallup Poll ta= ken in September 1994 reported that 80 percent of the respondents favored the death sentence for persons convicted of murder” (357).

Contextualizing Quo= tes (Continued)
Contextualize quote= s . . .
By connecting them = to the sentences that come before and after.
Better: In the Unit= ed States, most of the population believes the death penalty is an effective means = for deterring capital crimes.  Accou= nting for this majority opinion in “Will Support for Executions Continue to Grow?,” Richard Worsnop cites a “Gallup Poll taken in September 1994 [wh= ich] reported that 80 percent of the respondents [polled from across the country] favored the death sentence for persons convicted of murder” (3= 57).

Elaborating on Quot= es
Elaborate on quotes= to . . .
Clarify a point
Explain an idea or = concept
Illustrate
Show cause and effe= ct
Reinforce
Compare
Contradict

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)
Stock words and phr= ases to . . .
Clarify:
In other words
More specifically
That is or that is = to say
Illustrate:<= /td>
For example<= /td>
For instance=
Such as

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)
Stock words and phr= ases to . . .
Show cause and effe= ct:
Therefore
Thus
So
As a result<= /td>
Reinforce:
As we have seen
Moreover
Furthermore<= /td>

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)
Stock words and phr= ases to . . .
Compare
Likewise
Similarly
In the same way
Contradict
Although or though<= /font>
However
But
Despite or in spite= of
In contrast<= /td>

Elaborating on Quot= es (Continued)
Which of the five (= to clarify, explain, illustrate, reinforce, or contradict) is being done in the bolded elaboration?
. . . George LaBaro= n, who researched cloning [. . .], discovered a wide divergence in the origins of his sources [. . . .] La Baron’s investigations showed that [a] Christian= ity site is sponsored by [. . .] a group devoted to the fight against cloning= .  The New Scientist site, [however, is] devoted to medical advances, [including stem cell research].  LaBaron found that Reason.com is a Libertarian site with this description: “Reason provides a refreshing alternative to right-wing and left-wing opinion magazines” [. . . .]  Despite this disclaimer, LaBaron found Reason.com more liberal than middle of the road.
Source: Lester, Jam= es D.  Composing from Sources. New York:       Pearson, 2004. 314.

Citing Paraphrases<= /a>
Always acknowledge = the sources you draw your ideas from, even if the words you use are not exactly the s= ame.
Source:       Reflecting the new optimism, the Fannie Mae Foundation recently pledged $35 million in financing and challenge grants toward construction of new, subsidized housing.=
Paraphrase: Accord= ing to William Triplett in “Ending Homelessness,” $35 million in government subsidies to the housing market is a direct result of American hopes = to eradicate homelessness (541).
  Source: Triplett, William. “Ending Homelessness.” CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)
Many students belie= ve that they do not need to acknowledge sources when they have only paraphrased and not quoted material.
However, using the = ideas of others in any form without citation constitutes plagiarism.

Citing Paraphrases (Continued)
Paraphrase and cite= part or all of the following:
Loss of privately = owned, low-income shelter compounded the problem [of homelessness]. Rooming hous= es, once a common residential option in big cities, became an endangered hous= ing species. Many of the structures, especially those in gentrified neighborh= oods, were returned to single-family use and sold at handsome profits (543).
Source: Triplett, = William. “Ending Homelessness.” CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Style
When citing sources= within your paper, do so according to the guidelines of an appropriate style.<= /td>
Students writing wi= thin different disciplines are often required to use certain citation styles.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  The following are the most common:
1) Humanities: Mod= ern Language Association (MLA) and Chicago
        styles
2) Social and natu= ral sciences: American Psychological
        Association (APA) style<= /td>
3) Other sciences:= Scientific Style and Format (CBE)

Style (Continued)
Regardless of the s= tyle you use, always look for key information.
In in-text citation= s, you will almost always need . . .
Name of author
Title of work
Page number<= /td>

Style (Continued)
MLA and APA are by = far the two most common styles.
Compare the basic i= nformation required for each style:
MLA APA=
1) Author Autho= r (Last name only)
2) Title of work = Title of work
3) Page number P= age number
4) --- Page abb= reviation (p.)
5) --- Date of = publication

Style (Continued)
Compare the followi= ng passages formatted according to MLA and APA styles:
MLA: In “A Tale of= Two Divorces,” Anne Roiphe argues that divorce is “the terrible knife that rends families asunder” (189).*
APA: In “A Tale o= f Two Divorces,” Roiphe (1995) argued that divorce is “the terrible knife that rends families asunder” (p.189).*
Note that basic inf= ormation like the author’s name, the title, and the page number are present in both passages while a date and page abbreviation are included only in the one using APA.
* Source: Roiphe, = Anne.  “A Tale of Two Divorces.” The Riversi= de Reader.  8th ed.   Eds. Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairs= ton. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2005.  185-195.

Style (Continued)
Rewrite the followi= ng quote twice using both MLA and APA styles.  Remember to . . .
1) Lead into the q= uote.
2) Provide the app= ropriate source information in-text.
3) Provide any add= itional source information that is
        relevant in parentheses.=
    Cities began to rely more on law enforcement to deal with
        homelessness, such as anti-panhandling ordinances (545).
Source: Triplett, = William. “Ending Homelessness.” CQ Researcher 14. June 18, 2004. 541-564.

Style (Continued)
Once you have inclu= ded all the necessary information in your initial acknowledgement to a source, you on= ly need to use the author’s last name or a personal pronoun, as well as a pa= ge number (if available), to refer to that source thereafter.  Consider the following passage format= ted according to MLA:
In “A Tale of Two = Divorces,” Anne Roiphe states that divorce is “the terrible knife that rends famili= es asunder” (189).  Despite this assertion, she goes on to say that “we will always need [it] as an emerge= ncy escape hatch” (193).
  Source: Roiphe, Anne.  “A Tale of Two Divorces.” The Riversi= de Reader.      8th ed.   Eds. Joseph Trimmer and Maxine Hairs= ton. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2005.  185-195.

Works Cited Lists
In works cited (MLA= ) or reference (APA) lists, always record the following information if it is available, regardless of the style you use:
Name of the author<= /font>
Title of the work
Publishing informat= ion
Date the work was p= ublished

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Compare the followi= ng entries using the MLA and APA styles:
MLA: Borthwick, Ma= rk. Pacific Entry. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO:
           Westview Press, 1998.
APA: Borthwick, M.= (1998). Pacific Entry (2nd ed.). Boulder,
          CO: Westview Press.
Note that both entr= ies contain the same information but are formatted differently.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Entries for books a= lways include the following information if it is available:
Author (Last name f= irst)
Title of work (Unde= rlined or italicized)
Publication data (P= lace, publisher, and year)
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston:           Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.<= /font>

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Compare the followi= ng entries for the same book in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Nossiff, Rose= mary.  Before Roe : Abortion    Policy in the States.  Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2001.
APA: Nossiff, R. (= 2001).  Before Roe : Abortion   Policy in the States.  Philadelphia: Temple UP.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Entries for newspap= ers or periodicals (magazines and journals) always include the following information if it is available:
Author (Last name f= irst)
Title of article
Title of newspaper = or periodical (Underlined or italicized)
Publication data (D= ate and volume, issue, and page numbers)
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston:                     Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.<= /font>

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Compare the followi= ng entries for the same journal article in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Plantinga, Ca= rl.  “Spectacles of Death: Clint Eastwood =   and Violence in Unforgiven.”  Cinema Journal 37.2 (1998): 65-83.<= /font>
APA: Plantinga, C. (1998).  Spectacles of death: Cli= nt =09   Eastwood and violence in Unfo= rgiven.  Cinema Journal, 37(2), 65-83.
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston:      Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Entries for online = articles always include the following information if it is available:
Author (Last name f= irst)
Title
Publication data (D= ate and volume, issue, and page numbers)
Retrieval date
Online location (UR= L, database, or information service)
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston:                     Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.<= /font>

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Compare the followi= ng entries for the same online article in MLA and APA formats:
MLA: Slatin, John.=   “La Zambinella Meets the Cyborg: Bart= hes, =09 S/Z, and Print-Based Literary Studies.”  CWRL: The Electronic Journal of Computers, Writing, Rhetoric, = and Literature 3 (1997). 12 Nov. 1999 <http://www.cwrl.utex.edu/~cwrl/v3n1/zaminella/
index.html>.<= /font>
APA: Slatin, J. (1= 997). “La Zambinella meets the cyborg: Barthes, S/Z, and print-based literary studies.” [Electronic version]. CWRL: The Electronic Journal of Compute= rs, Writing, Rhetoric, and Literature, 3. Retrieved Nov. 12, 1999, from <http://www.cwrl.utex.edu/~cwrl/ v3n1/zaminella/index.html>
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston:          Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
As works cited or r= eference lists vary widely, you will need to consult an appropriate style manual to record your entries accurately.
Consult an English = handbook first to . . .
Find an overview of= many or all of the styles.
Answer most of your= questions about style.
Skim more easily.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Consult expanded st= yle manuals when . . .
Your questions rema= in unanswered.
You need more speci= fic information.
Five authoritative = manuals:
The MLA Handbook fo= r Writers of Research   Papers
The Publication Man= ual of the APA
The Chicago Manual = of Style
Scientific Style an= d Format: The CBE Manual
The Columbia Guide = to Online Style.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Format your works c= ited or reference list according to the following guidelines:
Organize list by ea= ch author’s last name alphabetically.
Alphabetize by titl= e if author’s name is unavailable.
The first line of e= ach entry should begin at the margin.
Each line thereafte= r should be indented.
A second work by th= e same author should begin with three hyphens  (---) instead of the author’s name:
Franits, Wayne E. “= Domesticity, Privacy, Civility, and the Transformation of Adrianen van Ostade’s Art.”= . . .
---. Paragons of Vi= rtue. Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth- Century Dutch Art. . . .
Source: Palmquist, = Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston: Bedford/St.       Martin’s, 2003.

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)

Works Cited or Refe= rence Lists (Continued)
Use the following s= ource information to prepare a brief works cited list according to MLA and APA guidelines:
Author: Carl P= lantinga
Title of work: Nat= ional Geographic “Spectacles of Death:
Atlas of the W= orld, Clint Eastwood and
7th edition Violence in Unforgiven”
Publishing data: W= ashington, D.C., Cinema Journal, National Geographic Vol. 37, Issue 2, Society, 1999 1998
Pages: 16 65-83=
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s,      2003.

Research Paper Adde= nda
When necessary, you= should also include . . .
A title page=
An abstract<= /td>
Appendix
Footnotes
Endnotes

Title Page<= /font>
A title page includ= es . . .
The title of your p= aper
Your name
The course name
Your teacher’s name=
The date

Abstract
An abstract is a su= mmary (usually 50 to 250 words) of your paper.  They should identify . . .
Your topic
The conversation yo= u are joining
Your research quest= ion and thesis statement
Source: Palmquist,= Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003.

Appendix
Place additional ma= terial in an appendix toward the end of the paper but before the works cited or refere= nce list.
An appendix might c= ompile the following information:
Computer data
Questionnaire resul= ts
Complicated statist= ics
Mathematical proofs=
Detailed descriptio= ns of special equipment
Source: Lester, Jam= es. Composing from Sources. New York:       Pe= arson Longman, 2004.

Footnotes and Endno= tes
Use footnotes or en= dnotes . . .
To record additional information that might not be directly relevant to your paper.
As a substitute for parenthetical citation (MLA or APA) when using Chicago style.

Footnotes and Endno= tes (Continued)
The following is ci= ted according to Chicago style:
Colorado Senate Bi= ll 186 mandates that every public school be assessed, or tested, and given two grades: one based on test scores in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and= one based on safety.1
                                 Notes<= /font>
1. State of Color= ado General Assembly, Senate Bill 00-186, 31 January 2000, http: leg.state.co.us/inetcbill.nsf/fsbillcont/
222894FAE70D5C6E87= 256840071E6D3?Open&file=3D186_enr.pdf (15 April 2000).
    Source: Palmquist, Mike.  The Bedford Researcher.  Boston: Bedford/St.     Martin’s, 2003.

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