Contests
Schedule of Activities
Contest Descriptions
Contest Rules
NACTA Constitution
Participating Colleges & Universities
Tours
Lodging Information
Results
Contest Registration Form
|
April 4
|
| Event |
Location |
Time |
| Tours |
TBA |
9:00
am-5:00 pm |
| Coaches
Dinner and Meetings |
Agriscapes |
6:30
pm |
|
April 5
|
| Event |
Location |
Time |
| Dairy Cattle Judging Contest |
Beef Unit |
8:00 am |
| Horse Judging Contest |
Arabian Horse Center |
8:00 am |
| Horticulture Contest |
Agri-Scapes |
10:00 am |
| Crops Contest |
Building 2, Room 202 |
3:00 pm |
| Animal Science Management (Domestic
Farm Animals) |
Building 2, Room 111 |
3:00 pm |
| Agriculture Computers |
Building 2 , Room 217 |
5:00 pm |
| Agriculture Discussion |
Building 2, Rooms 112-113 |
6:00 pm |
| Agriculture Knowledge Bowl |
Building 2, Rooms 112-113 |
8:00 pm |
|
April 6
|
| Event |
Location |
Time |
| Livestock Judging |
Beef Unit |
8:00 am |
| Soils |
Agriscapes |
8:00 am |
| Agricultural Biology |
Building 2, Room 126 |
1:00 pm |
| Agricultural Business Management |
Building 2, Room 214 |
1:00 pm |
| Animal Science Management (Companion
Animals) |
Equine Research Center |
1:00 pm |
| NACTA Judging Conference Business
Meeting |
Kellogg Room, Arabian Horse
Center |
2:00 pm |
| Arabian Horse Show |
Arabian Horse Center Arena |
3:00 pm |
| Awards Banquet |
Women's Gymnasium |
6:30 pm |
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of agricultural insects and parasites affecting productivity
of crops and livestock and will consist of three separate
components (written knowledge exam, laboratory practicum and
problem solving).
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
AGRICULTURAL
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of agricultural management principles and practices and will
consist of three separate components (written knowledge exam,
problem solving, business entrepreneurship).
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores.
AGRICULTURAL
COMPUTING
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of computer language and applications and will consist of
two separate components (written knowledge exam and applications
requiring the use of spreadsheets, databases, electronic communication,
word processing and the Internet).
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
AGRICULTURE
DISCUSSION
This is a competition where the
participants responsibilities are to exchange ideas and information
in an effort to solve a problem. It is an exercise in cooperative
problem solving, with the questions, answers, and statements
coming from any quarter at any time.
The participants should attempt to cooperatively shed further
light on the problem and tentatively retain a flexible position.
A successful participant will be a productive thinker rather
than an emotional persuader, who is free to state beliefs
and change positions whenever new information and ideas make
that a reasonable thing to do.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. No individuals permitted
in this contest
The discussion topic will be E-Mailed
to all teams entered by February 15, 2002.
AGRICULTURE
KNOWLEDGE BOWL
This is an agriculture college
bowl competition where contestants answer oral questions by
responding with a buzzer to gain the opportunity to answer
the question. It will be a double elimination competition
with questions involving general agriculture from a variety
of disciplines.
There will be separate divisions
for two and four year programs. Teams will consist of four
individuals. Awards will be presented to the 1st and 2nd place
team in each division. There will not be any individual awards.
ANIMAL SCIENCE MANAGEMENT
(Domestic Farm Animals)
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of Animal Science management practices for domestic farm animals
and will consist of three separate components (knowledge,
practicum and problem solving) equally weighted with a possible
100 points each.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
ANIMAL
SCIENCE MANAGEMENT
(Companion Animals)
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of animal management practices for small companion and exotic
animals and will consist of three separate components (written
knowledge exam, practicum and problem solving) equally weighted
with a possible 100 points each.
Teams will consist of four (4) members competing individually.
The individual scores will be totaled to determine team scores.
Individuals may participate but team members must be declared
prior to the contest.
CROPS
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of Agronomic practices and will consist of four separate components
(knowledge exam, laboratory practicum, plant and seed identification
and math practicum).
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
DAIRY CATTLE JUDGING
This contest will consist of a
minimum of eight (8) placings classes consisting of cows and
heifers from the Holstein and Brown Swiss breeds. If possible,
a class of Jersey or Guernsey cattle may be included making
ten classes. Contestants will be required to defend their
placings with four sets of oral reasons
Teams will consist of four (4)
members who will judge and give reasons. The three high individual
scores will be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals
may participate but team members must be declared prior to
the contest.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
HORTICULTURE
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of Horticulture practices and will consist of three separate
components (knowledge exam; plant, insect, and disease identification;
and landscape practicum).
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
HORSE JUDGING
This contest will consist of eight
(8) placing classes with four (4) sets of oral reasons. There
will be four (4) halter and four (4) performance classes with
two sets of reasons on each component.
The halter classes will probably
represent the Arabian, Morgan and American Quarter Horse breeds
although other light horse classes may be used if found to
be available. The possible performance classes include: Western
Pleasure, Hunter Under Saddle, Reigning, Hunter Hack, English
Pleasure, and Western Horsemanship.
Teams will consist of four (4) members competing individually.
The individual scores will be totaled to determine team scores.
Individuals may participate but team members must be declared
prior to the contest.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
LIVESTOCK JUDGING
This contest will consist of twelve
(12) placings classes with a minimum of four (4) beef cattle
classes, four sheep classes and two swine classes. Classes
may include use of performance data in combination with visual
appraisal. Keep/cull classes may also be included. There will
be two sets of reasons for each species for a total of 6 sets
of reasons.
Teams will consist of five (5)
members who will judge and give reasons. The four high individual
scores will be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals
may participate but team members must be declared prior to
the contest.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
SOILS JUDGING
This contest will require the evaluation
of four distinctly different soil pits located in the local
area. 2 Year Official NACTA rules to page 12 will apply. 4
year official rules up to page 32 will apply.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The three (3) high scores
per pit will be used to tabulate the team scores. Individuals
may participate but team members must be declared prior to
the contest.
Facultry Advisor
- Dr. Louis Foster,
lafoster@csupomona.edu, 909-869-2098
Student Coordinator - TBA
Saturday April 6 - 1:00 pm
Equine Research Center
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of animal management practices for small companion and exotic
animals and will consist of three separate components (written
knowledge exam, practicum and problem solving) equally weighted
with a possible 100 points each. Thirty minutes will be allowed
for each component. The maximum number of points per individual
will be 300 points and the maximum number of points per team
will be 1200 points.
There will be both two year college
and four year college divisions; however the contest materials
will be identical for both divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
1. Knowledge exam: (written, 50
multiple choice questions @ 2 points each) = 100 pts
a. Anatomy and Physiology: estrous cycles, gestation length,
locations for taking pulse, locations for collecting blood,
bones, organs, major lymph nodes, major blood vessels, capillary
refill time.
b. exotics: (birds, reptiles and pocket pets). Common problems
associated with keeping them as pets.
c. Nutrition (characteristics of different diets i.e. hairball
diets, weight loss diets, kidney diets etc; caloric requirements;
linear and quadratic equations for calculating caloric requirements,
nutritional disorders)
d. Animal Health ( immunology, infectious and non-infectious
diseases, zoonoses, parasites, and common treatments and vaccination
schedules; heart rate, respiratory rates, normal temperature)
2. Laboratory Practicum: (written,
50 short answer questions @ 2 points each) = 100 pts
a. Identification of grooming and veterinary instruments and
their use
b. Identification of breeds (dogs, cats, rabbits, reptiles,
birds and pocket pets)
c. Anatomy
d. Identification of diseases and parasites
3. Problem Solving (10 problems @ 5 points each each) = 100
pts
a. Caloric requirements
b. Number of days of weight loss to obtain ideal weight
c. Macronutrient percentages on a dry matter basis (i.e. given
two diets, determine which diet has the highest percentage
of protein on a dry matter basis)
d. Calculate drug dosages
e. Converting dry-matter to as-fed basis
f. Fluid therapy (given weight of animal and degree of dehydration,
how much fluid would the animal need)
The above subject matter lists
may not be all-inclusive but should provide a substantial
guideline for training purposes.
All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen.
There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the four components.
Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest.
Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisior - Professor William
Hughes, (909) 869-2078, wch@aol.com
Student Coordiator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 8:00 am
W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center
1. This contest will consist of
eight (8) placings classes with four (4) sets of oral reasons.
There will be four (4) halter and four (4) performance classes
with two sets of reasons on each component.
2. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
3. Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores.
4. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
5. A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however,
only one team will be eligible for team awards.
6. It is probable that the halter
classes will represent the Arabian, Morgan and American Quarter
Horse breeds although other light horse classes may be used
if found to be available. Classes will be placed according
to either AQHA or USA Equestrian breed-specific rules. All
halter horses will be considered sound of limb, eye, wind,
mouth and reproductive organs.
7. The possible performance classes
include: Western Pleasure, Hunter Under Saddle, Reining, Hunter
Hack, English Pleasure, and Western Horsemanship. Performance
classes will be evaluated as seen. All riders tack and attire
will be considered to be legal.
8. Non-reason classes will be allowed
15 minutes. Reasons classes will be allowed 17 minutes. Oral
reasons to be given after all classes are placed will be limited
to two minutes.
9. Contestants and official judges
will not be allowed to handle horses. Contestants will be
provided a front, rear and side profile of the halter horses
which will also be shown at the walk and at the trot.
10. Official placings and cuts
will be presented after the completion of oral reasons presentations.
11. Tie Breakers:
a. If a tie exists for individual or team overall awards,
the contestant or team having the highest overall reasons
score will be awarded the higher placing.
b. If a tie exists for an award in halter or performance judging,
the contestant or team having the highest reasons score in
that category will be awarded the higher placing.
c. If a tie exists in reasons, the contestant or team having
the highest overall placings scores will be awarded the higher
placing.
12. The contest coordinator will
supply placings cards and any class patterns that may be required.
Use of notes during placing or reasons presentation will not
be allowed. Contestants will start the contest with a clean
note pad.
13. There will be no conferring
during the contest (placing and reason). If contestants are
observed talking they may be eliminated from the competition.
14. Contestants cannot wear any
clothing, belt buckles or hats that identifies them personally
or their team. Contestants will not be allowed to wear hats
while placing classes.
15. Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest
time on contest day.
16. All placings, cuts and reasons
scores provided by the committee of official judges will be
official.
17. Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
18. The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisor - Dr. David Fernandez,
(909) 869-2096, dlfernandez@csupomona.edu
Student Coordinator - TBA
Saturday, April 6, 8:00 am
Cal Poly Beef Cattle Unit
1. This contest will consist of
twelve (12) placings classes with a minimum of four (4)
beef cattle classes, four sheep classes and two swine classes.
Classes may include use of performance data in combination
with visual appraisal. Keep/cull classes may also be included.
There will be two sets of reasons for each species for a total
of 6 sets of reasons.
2. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each species competition.
3. Teams will consist of five (5)
members who will judge and give reasons. The four high individual
scores will be totaled to determine team scores.
4. A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however,
only one team will be eligible for team awards.
5. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
6. Non-reason classes will be allowed
15 minutes for placing. Reasons classes will be allowed 17
minutes for placing. Oral reasons will be limited to two minutes.
7. Market lambs will be shown in
yokes and will be shorn. They may be handled. Market cattle
will be tied and may be handled, if possible. All breeding
classes may be exhibited loose.
8. Official placings and cuts will
be presented after the completion of oral reasons presentations.
9. Tie Breakers:
a. If a tie exists for individual or team overall awards,
the contestant or team having the highest overall reasons
score will be awarded the higher placing.
b. If a tie exists for an award in halter or performance judging,
the contestant or team having the highest reasons score in
that category will be awarded the higher placing.
c. If a tie exists in reasons, the contestant or team having
the highest overall placings scores will be awarded the higher
placing.
10. The contest coordinator will
supply placings cards and any performance data that may be
required. Use of notes during placing or reasons presentation
will not be allowed. Contestants will start the contest with
a clean note pad.
11. There will be no conferring
during the contest (placing and reason). If contestants are
observed talking they may be eliminated from the competition.
12. Contestants cannot wear any
clothing, belt buckles or hats that identifies them personally
or their team. Contestants will not be allowed to wear hats
while placing classes.
13 Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest
time on contest day.
14. All placings, cuts and reasons
scores provided by the committee of official judges will be
official.
15. Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
16. The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisors
- Dr. John Trei & Professor Art Boster, (909) 869-2203,
jetrei@csupomona.edu
Student Coordinator - Cheyenna Perry
Friday, April 5, 8:00 am
Cal Poly Beef Cattle Unit
1. This contest will consist of
a minimum of eight (8) placings classes consisting of cows
and heifers from the Holstein and Brown Swiss breeds. If possible,
a class of Jersey or Guernsey cattle may be included making
ten classes. Contestants will be required to defend their
placings with four sets of oral reasons
2. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each breed competition.
3. Teams will consist of four (4)
members who will judge and give reasons. The 3 high individual
scores will be totaled to determine team scores.
4. A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however,
only one team will be eligible for team awards.
5. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
6. Non-reason classes will be allowed
15 minutes for placing. Reasons classes will be allowed 17
minutes for placing. Oral reasons will be limited to two minutes.
7. Cattle will be shown at the
halter, if possible. However, some classes may, of neccessity,
be shown loose.
8. Official placings and cuts will
be presented after the completion of oral reasons presentations.
9. Tie Breakers:
a. If a tie exists for individual or team overall awards,
the contestant or team having the highest overall reasons
score will be awarded the higher placing.
b. If a tie exists for an award in breed classes, the contestant
or team having the highest reasons score in that category
will be awarded the higher placing.
c. If a tie exists in reasons, the contestant or team having
the highest overall placings scores will be awarded the higher
placing.
10. The contest coordinator will
supply placings cards. Use of notes during placing or reasons
presentation will not be allowed. Contestants will start the
contest with a clean note pad.
11. There will be no conferring
during the contest (placing and reason). If contestants are
observed talking they may be eliminated from the competition.
12. Contestants cannot wear any
clothing, belt buckles or hats that identifies them personally
or their team. Contestants will not be allowed to wear hats
while placing classes.
13 Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest
time on contest day.
14. All placings, cuts and reasons
scores provided by the committee of official judges will be
official.
15. Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
16. The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Leo Abenes, (909) 869-2089,
lbabenes@csupomona.edu
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 5:00 pm
Building 2, Room 217
1. This contest will evaluate knowledge
of the fundamentals of computers and computer nomenclature
particularly with respect to personal computer hardware and
software, and the worldwide web. The contest will consist
of two separate components (written knowledge exam and applications
requiring the use of spreadsheets, databases, electronic communication,
word processing and the World Wide Web). One hour will be
allowed for the written and 2 hours will be allowed for the
applications component.
2. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions; however the contest
materials will be identical for both divisions. Plaques will
be awarded to the top three individuals and the top three
teams in each division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top
three individuals and the top three teams for each component
in each division.
3. Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
4 . A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however,
only one team will be eligible for team awards. Team members
must be identified prior to the start of the contest.
5. a. Knowledge exam: (written,
100 multiple choice questions @ 1 point each) = 100 pts
b. Applications: (5 problems @ 20 points each) = 100 pts
6. Team members can use any general
reference books on computers and Microsoft Office to prepare
for the contest. The contest coordinator will rely on information
presented in Discovering Computers 2001 - Brief Edition (ISBN
0-7895-5938-2) by Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat and Microsoft
Office - Brief concepts and Techniques (ISBN 0-7895-6379-7)
as basis for questions and applications problems. The above
subject matter lists may not be all-inclusive but should provide
a substantial guideline for training purposes.
7. All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into the examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen. Dell computers running on Windows NT or Windows 2000
and loaded with either Microsoft Office 2000 or XP are available
for the applications component.
8. Contestants and their coaches
will be allowed access to the computers the day before the
contest from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM to become acquainted with
the equipment and the set up of the computer lab.
9. There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the two components.
10. Ties will be broken as follows:
a. Individual ties- (a) highest computer application score,
( b) highest written score, (c) highest score on most difficult
problem
b. Team Ties - (a) highest composite team (b) highest composite
team written score (c) highest individual score
11. Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
12. The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisors
- Dr. David Still, dwstill@csupomona.edu,
(909) 869-2159; and Professor Dan Hostetler, dghostetler@csupomona.edu,
(909) 869-2189
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, Time TBA
Location TBA
General Rules, Regulations and
Information
The description of this contest and rules are official for
the contest. If any interpretation of the rules is required,
the contest superintendents shall make it. Questions are welcomed
and are easiest addressed by e-mail.
Team Qualifications, Participants,
and Awards
1. Contestants must be currently enrolled in a two or four
year institution and pursuing an undergraduate degree with
a major or minor in agriculture.
2. A team will consist of four contestants. The scores of
all four team members will be summed to determine the team
score.
3. Students may compete as individuals if there is less than
a full team present.
4. An individual may not compete in the contest if he/she
has previously competed in the same division of a NACTA crops
contest.
5. If more than one team from an individual college is entered,
the contest sweepstakes participating team must be identified
prior to the start of the contest. Any second team may be
eligible for team and individual awards, but their placing
will not enter into determination of sweepstakes awards.
6. Individuals may compete as an unscored, unofficial contestant,
but they must be identified prior to the start of the contest.
An entry fee is required.
7. Contestants may not communicate with anyone except contest
officials after the contest has started. Coaches may not communicate
with a team or individuals until the contest is finished.
8. Contestants must bring a #2 lead pencil to the contest
along with a hand held calculator and clipboard. A hand held
magnifying lens may be used during any portion of the contest
if needed. Contestants may not bring notes of any kind.
9. Team and individual awards will be presented in both junior
and senior college divisions.
10. The contest will be held at 1:00pm in Building #2 (Agriculture)
on Friday April 5. Teams must check in prior to 12:45 at the
main front entrance to the building.
11. Practice sites will be identified prior to your arrival
on campus and communicated to you via e-mail. Additional information
will be available at the coaches meeting.
Crops Contest Description
The 2002 contest will be divided into four areas of 150 points
each, for a total of 600 possible individual points and 2400
team points. The major areas of this contest are as follows:
A. Agronomic Quiz - 150 points
B. Laboratory Practical I - 150 points
C. Laboratory Practical II - 150 Points
D. Plant and Seed Identification - 150 points
Contestants will have one hour
to complete each portion of the contest. Additional descriptions
and specific rules for each section are given below:
A. Agronomic Quiz - This section
will be a written, multiple choice exam consisting of 75 questions
worth 2 points each. Topics may include:
Crop production statistics (major
world and U.S. crops)
Crop classification terms (botanical growth habit, crop utilization)
Crop physiology, growth and development
Plant morphology and anatomy
Plant breeding, genetics, and improvement
Seed industry and technology
Climatology
Tillage (systems, seedbed preparation, cultivation)
Planting (equipment, selection of cultivars, planting practices)
Integrated pest management (insects, diseases, weeds, vertebrates)
Crop quality, storage and utilization
Harvest (equipment, timing)
Cropping systems and crop rotation
Crop environment (light, temperature, etc.)
Basic soil science (physical, chemical, biological)
Soil fertility (soil testing, fertilizers, amendments, liming,
etc.)
Soil/irrigation management (irrigation, drainage, moisture
management)
Basic plant pathology
B. Laboratory Practical I - This
section will consist of stations displaying actual plant samples,
fertilizers, pesticides, photographs, equipment, insects,
diseases etc., along with specific questions requiring identification,
interpretation, evaluation, or calculation of the displayed
material. Topics may include:
Common crop diseases and disease
symptoms (see attached list)
Common agronomic field and laboratory equipment (see attached
list)
Common crop insects and damage (see attached list)
Identification of stored or processed crop products (silage,
hay, meals, etc.)
Grain grading (data given, no picking - barley, corn, oats,
wheat)
Hay/silage evaluation (ranking based on visual and chemical
components)
Cotton classing/evaluation (assignment of class based on color,
trash and preparation)
Crop nutrient deficiencies (major field crops, N, P and K)
C. Laboratory Practical II - This
section will include computations involving typical agronomic
problems. This section may involve both indoor and outdoor
problem solving very typical to the everyday duties of a crop
consultant. Additional identification and evaluation may be
included in the section. Topics may include:
Calibration of sprayers, planters
and fertilization equipment
Fertilizer and chemical application, interpreting information
from the label
Determination of plant population per acre; % emergence
Determination of pure live seed, seeding rates, etc.
Growing degree day calculations and analysis
Precipitation rate of an impact sprinkler with given spacing,
PSI & GPM
Grain/forage weights at different moisture
Area, volume and unit conversions
Utilization of nomographs, soil texture triangle
Interpret a variety trial based on LSD
Determination of field efficiency (effective vs. theoretical
capacity)
D. Plant and Seed Identification
- This section will consist of 75 specimens worth 2 points
each. Crop, weed and seed specimens will be selected from
the enclosed identification list. Items are marked with a
"P" for flowering plants, "V" for plants
in a vegetative stage and "S for seed. Crop and weed
plants will be shown as either fresh plants, or pressed-dried
specimens. All seed samples will be mature seed.
Contestants will identify plants
and seed by the common name on the identification list. Contestants
will be penalized 0.2 points per sample for errors in spelling.
Spelling errors include the use of hyphens or spaces within
words. Contestants will be penalized 1 point per sample for
incorrectly writing the name of a properly identified specimen
(i.e. lambsquarters for common lambsquarters). Illegible answers
will be marked wrong.
Identification Lists
A. Grain/Field Crops
| PV |
barley |
S |
pink fieldbean |
| S |
six-rowed barley |
S |
garbanzo |
| S |
two-rowed barley |
S |
large lima |
| P |
corn |
S |
baby lima |
| S |
dent corn |
PV |
cowpea |
| S |
flint corn |
S |
blackeye cowpea |
| S |
pop corn |
S |
purplehull cowpea |
| S |
sweet corn |
PVS |
Austrian winter fieldpea |
| PVS |
oat |
S |
green mungbean |
| PVS |
rice |
PVS |
peanut |
| PVS |
rye |
S |
lentil |
| PS |
triticale |
S |
crotalaria |
| PS |
grain sorghum |
PVS |
guar |
| PV |
wheat |
PVS |
soybean |
| S |
soft white wheat |
PVS |
fieldpea |
| S |
hard white wheat |
PVS |
buckwheat |
| S |
durum wheat |
PVS |
canola |
| S |
soft red winter wheat |
VS |
castor |
| S |
hard red winter wheat |
PVS |
Egyptian cotton |
| PV |
fieldbean |
PVS |
upland cotton |
| S |
black turtle fieldbean |
PVS |
flax |
| S |
great northern fieldbean |
PV |
potato |
| S |
navy fieldbean |
PVS |
safflower |
| S |
pinto fieldbean |
S |
sesame |
| S |
red kidney fieldbean |
PVS |
sugar beet |
| S |
small white fieldbean |
PV |
sunflower |
| S |
oilseed sunflower |
S |
confectionery sunflower |
| PVS |
tobacco |
|
|
B. Forage Crops
| PVS |
bermudagrass |
PVS |
dallisgrass |
| PVS |
hardinggrass |
PVS |
orchardgrass |
| PS |
perennial ryegrass |
PS |
annual ryegrass |
| PS |
rhodesgrass |
PVS |
smooth bromegrass |
| PVS |
tall fescue |
PS |
timothy |
| PS |
foxtail millet |
PS |
proso millet |
| PS |
pearl millet |
PS |
sudangrass |
| PVS |
Kentucky bluegrass |
PS |
buffalograss |
| PS |
big bluestem |
PS |
little bluestem |
| PS |
blue grama |
PS |
sideoats grama |
| PS |
Indiangrass |
PS |
crested wheatgrass |
| PS |
Canada wildrye |
PS |
switchgrass |
| P |
needlegrass |
PVS |
alfalfa |
| PVS |
sweetclover |
PS |
arrowleaf clover |
| PVS |
alsike clover |
PVS |
crimson clover |
| PVS |
red clover |
PVS |
white clover |
| PVS |
white clover |
PVS |
birdsfoot trefoil |
| PVS |
Korean lespedeza |
PVS |
crownvetch |
| PVS |
common vetch |
PVS |
hairy vetch |
| PVS |
strawberry clover |
|
|
C. Weeds
| P |
California poppy |
PVS |
tall morningglory |
| PS |
barnyardgrass |
P |
silverleaf nightshade |
| P |
bull thistle |
PS |
quackgrass |
| PS |
Canada thistle |
P |
common yellow mustard |
| PS |
johnsongrass |
P |
black mustard |
| PS |
wild oat |
PS |
annual bluegrass |
| PV |
yellow nutsedge |
P |
goosegrass |
| PVS |
common lambsquarters |
PS |
downy brome |
| PV |
chickweed |
PS |
buffalobur |
| PVS |
cocklebur |
PS |
prickly sida |
| PVS |
common ragweed |
PVS |
velvetleaf |
| PVS |
curly dock |
PV |
malva |
| PVS |
dandelion |
PS |
large crabgrass |
| PVS |
dodder |
PS |
buckhorn plantain |
| PVS |
field bindweed |
PS |
bracted plantain |
| PVS |
giant ragweed |
PS |
rescuegrass |
| PVS |
henbit |
PS |
yellow foxtail |
| PVS |
hoary cress |
PS |
green foxtail |
| PVS |
horse nettle |
PS |
kochia |
| PVS |
jimsonweed |
PS |
Russian knapweed |
| PVS |
Pennsylvania smartweed |
P |
common groundsel |
| PVS |
puncturevine |
P |
small nettle |
| PV |
common sowthistle |
P |
California variegated milk
thistle |
| PS |
Russian thistle |
P |
ripgut brome |
| PVS |
shepherdspurse |
P |
fiddleneck |
D. Insect/Pest
Alfalfa
stem nematode
root knot nematode
gopher
alfalfa weevil
alfalfa caterpillar
alfalfa leafhopper
Cotton
lygus bug
boll weevil
cotton bollworm
mite
Small Grains
greenbug aphid
grasshopper
Miscellaneous
Colorado potato beetle
glassy winged sharpshooter
Mediterranean fruit fly
|
Corn
corn earworm
european corn borer
southern corn rootworm
wireworm
armyworm
Soybean
blister beetle
grasshopper
armyworm
Stored Grain/Products
granary weevil
saw-toothed grain beetle
angoumois grain moth
rice weevil
red flour beetle
Indian meal moth
lesser grain borer
|
E. Equipment
chisel
plow
moldboard plow
subsoiler
offset disk harrow
tandem disk harrow
field cultivator
row crop cultivator
rotary hoe
rod weeder
bed shaper
spike tooth harrow
spring tooth harrow
lister
grain drill
row crop planter
cotton picker
corn picker
sugar beet harvester
hay cuber
mower conditioner
|
disk
plow
rotary mower
flail mower
side delivery rake
forage harvester
forage blower
forage box
stack wagon
cultipacker (roller packer)
rotary tiller
Carter dockage tester
grain trier
Boerner divider
Winchester bushel weight apparatus
grain dryer
cotton stripper
combine
hay baler
windrower
automatic bale wagon
|
F. Crop Disease
Small
Grains
ergot - rye
stem rust - wheat
loose smut - barley, oat, wheat
leaf rust - wheat
powdery mildew - barley, oat, wheat
barley yellow dwarf virus - oat, barley
common bunt - wheat
scab - wheat
black point - wheat
Corn
northern corn leaf blight
southern corn leaf blight
smut
maize dwarf mosaic/sugarcane mosaic
Cotton
verticillium wilt
bacterial blight
|
Potato
late blight
rhizoctonia
Soybeans
pod and stem rot
purple seed stain
bacterial blight
Sorghum
gray leaf spot
charcoal rot
Alfalfa
fusarium wilt
verticillium wilt
common leaf spot
|
Suggested Reference for Crops
Contest
Mullen, R., 1996. Agronomy Principles
& Practice, Burgess International Group,
Inc.Edina, MN 55435
Anderson, William A. 1987. The
First Five Laboratory Exercises For Crop Science. Alpha Editions,
a division of Burgess International Group, Inc.
Edina, MN 55435
Higgs, R. et. al. 1981. Agricultural
Mathematics: Problems In Production, Management, Mechanization,
Environmental Quality. The Interstate Printers and Publishers,
Inc. Danville, IL 61832
American Phytopathological Society,
Compendium Series of Crop Diseases For: Corn, Cotton, Alfalfa,
Soybeans, Barley, Wheat, Potato. APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd.,
St. Paul, MN 55121
University of California Division
of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Integrated Pest Management
Manuals for: Alfalfa Hay, Cotton, Small Grains. ANR Publications,
6701 San Pablo Ave., Oakland, CA 94608
Any text covering general plant
growth and morphology, plant breeding and genetics, grain
storage, and physiology will be helpful.
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Fred Roth, froth@csupomona.edu,
909-869-2172
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 10:00 am
Agriscapes
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of Horticulture practices and will consist of three separate
components (knowledge exam; plant, insect, and disease identification;
and landscape practicum) equally weighted with a possible
100 points each. Thirty minutes will be allowed for each component.
The maximum number of points per individual will be 300 points
and the maximum number of points per team will be 1200 points.
There will be both two year college
and four year college divisions; however the contest materials
will be identical for both divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
Team member qualifications:
i. Members must be currently enrolled and in good standing.
ii. Members must have completed one quarter/semester at the
institution that they represent.
iii. Members must be pursuing an agriculture major or minor.
iv. Members may only compete as a member of one team at each
level. They are eligible once at the Junior level and once
at the Senior level
The contest will be composed of
three categories:
i. Identification 600 points
ii. General Knowledge 400 points
iii. Judging (placement) 200 points
iv. Judging (reasons) 40 points
a. Identification: There will be
three classes of plant identification including a total of
75 plants. Each specimen correctly identified by placing the
appropriate number from the published lists on a scoring sheet
will be worth 8 points. Contestants will be provided a fresh
copy of the ID lists for use during the contest.
i. Trees and shrubs (25 plants). Specimens will be displayed
as they appear outside at the time of the contest.
ii. Annuals, perennials, vines and ground covers (25 plants).
Specimens will be displayed as they appear outside at the
time of the contest.
iii. Foliage plants (25 plants). Specimens will be chosen
from among those typically used in the interior landscape
industry.
b. General knowledge: This contest
will consist of 100 multiple choice questions distributed
in four areas for a total of 400 points.
i. Landscape Maintenance, Arboriculture, Design and Nursery
Operations.
ii. Turf Culture including cool and warm season grasses.
iii. Greenhouse Management and Floricuture
iv. General Plant Science.
c. Judging: There will be four
classes. Each class will be valued at 50 points for correct
placement and 10 points for correct written reasons.
i. Woody nursery stock. This class
will consist of four containerized shrubs or trees of a single
species
ii. Bedding plants. This class will consist of four flats
of a single species
iii. Cut flowers. This class will consist of 4 units of 4
stems each.
iv. Foliage plants. This class will consist of four individuals
of one species from the list of foliage plants used for identification.
Ten minutes will be allowed for
each class. Placing will be based on the opinion of an industry
professional for each class. A brief paragraph will be written
describing the reasons for selecting the placement in each
class.
The above subject matter lists
may not be all-inclusive but should provide a substantial
guideline for training purposes.
All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen.
There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the four components.
Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest.
Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
In the case of ties, the individual
or team winner shall be determined as follows:
i. High score in General Knowledge
test
ii. High score in identification test
iii. High score in judging (including written reasons)
iv. Coin toss between individuals or teams to break tie
Procedural questions not covered
above will conform to the Constitution of the NACTA Invitational
Livestock, Dairy and Soils Judging Conference.
Additional information will
be available at the coaches meeting on Thursday evening or
by contacting Frederick Roth at (909) 869-2172, froth@csupomona.edu
Woody Plants Identification
|
Scientific (Botanical)
|
Common Name
|
| 1 Acer palmatum |
Japanese maple |
| 2 Acer saccharinum |
silver maple |
| 3 Acer saccharum
|
sugar maple |
| 4 Betulanigra |
river birch |
| 5 Betula papyrifera |
paper birch |
| 6 Celtis occidentalis |
common hackberry |
| 7 Cornus alternifolia |
pagoda dogwood |
| 8 Cornus florida |
flowering dogwood |
| 9 Fraxinus americana |
white or American ash |
| 10 Fraxinus pennsylvanica |
green ash |
| 11 Ginkgo biloba |
ginkgo, maidenhair tree |
| 12 Gleditsia triacanthos var.
|
inermis thornless honeylocust |
| 13 Lagerstroemia indica |
crepe myrtle |
| 14 Liquidambar styraciflua
|
American sweetgum |
| 15 Malus spp. |
crabapple |
| 16 Picea pungens |
Colorado spruce |
| 17 Pinus mugo |
mugo pine; Swiss mountain pine |
| 18 Pinus ponderosa |
ponderosa pine |
| 19 Pinus strobus |
eastern white pine |
| 20 Pinus thunbergii |
Japanese black pine |
| 21 Populus deltoides |
cottonwood |
| 22 Populus nigra 'Italica' |
Lombardy black poplar |
| 23 Pyrus calleryana callery
|
pear |
| 24 Quercus macrocarpa |
bur oak; mossy cup oak |
| 25 Quercus palustris |
pin oak |
| 26 Quercus rubra |
red oak |
| 27 Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa'
|
corkscrew willow |
| 28 Sorbus aucuparia |
European mountainash |
| 29 Syringa reticulata |
Japanese tree lilac |
| 30 Thuja occidentalis |
American arborvitae |
| 31 Tilia americana |
American linden; basswood |
| 32 Tilia cordata |
littleleaf linden |
Shrubs and Vines
|
Scientific (Botanical)
|
Common Name
|
| 33 Berberis thunbergii |
Japanese barberry |
| 34 Bumald Spiraea Group (syn.
S. bumalda) |
Anthony Waterer spiraea |
| 35 Buxus microphylla var.
japonica |
Japanese boxwood |
| 36 Celastrus scandens |
American bittersweet |
| 37 Chaenomeles speciosa |
common flowering quince |
| 38 Cornus sericea |
red-osier dogwood |
| 39 Cotinus coggygria |
smoke tree |
| 40 Euonymus alatus |
winged euonymus |
| 41 Hydrangea arborescens
|
smooth hydrangea |
| 42 Hydrangea macrophylla
|
garden hydrangea |
| 43 Juniperus horizontalis
|
creeping juniper |
| 44 Juniperus procumbens |
'Nana' dwarf Japgarden juniper |
| 45 Lonicera heckrottii |
everblooming honeysuckle |
| 46 Parthenocissus quinquefolia
|
Virginia creeper |
| 47 Parthenocissus tricuspidata
|
Boston ivy |
| 48 Philadelphus coronarius |
sweet mockorange |
| 49 Photinia fraseri Fraser's
photinia; |
red tip photinia |
| 50 Potentilla fruticosa |
bush cinquefoil |
51 Prunus caroliniana
Carolina cherrylaurel;
|
Carolina laurel
cherry |
| 52 Pyracantha sp. |
firethorn |
| 53 Spiraea x vanhouttei |
Vanhoutte spiraea |
| 54 Spiraea japonica |
'Anthony Waterer' |
| 55 Syringa vulgaris |
common lilac |
| 56 Viburnum lentago |
nannyberry |
| 57 Viburnum opulus |
European cranberrybush |
| 58 Weigela florida |
weigela |
Interior Plant Identification
List
|
Scientific (Botanical)
|
Common Name
|
| 1 Aechmea fasciata |
silver vase |
| 2 Afrocarpus gracilior
fern pine; |
weeping podocarpus
(syn. Podocarpus gracilior) |
| 3 Aglaonema |
'Silver Queen' silver queen
chinese evergreen |
| 4 Aloe vera aloe; |
medicine plant |
| 5 Anthurium scherzerianum
|
anthurium |
| 6 Araucaria heterophylla |
Norfolk Island
pine |
| 7 Aspidistra elatior
cast |
iron plant |
| 8 Calathea makoyana
|
peacock plant |
| 9 Cereus peruvianus |
column cactus |
| 10 Chamaedorea elegans
|
parlor palm; neanthe
bella palm |
| 11 Chlorophytum
comosum |
spider plant |
| 12 Cissus rhombifolia
|
grape ivy |
| 13 Cordyline terminalis
|
Hawaiian ti; ti
plant |
| 14 Crassula ovata
(syn. Crassula argentea) |
jade plant |
| 15 Cycas revoluta |
sago palm |
| 16 Dieffenbachia
amoena |
dumbcane |
| 17 Dracaena cincta
Madagascar (syn. Dracaena marginata) |
dragon tree |
| 18 Dracaena deremensis |
'Warneckii' warneckii
dracaena |
| 19 Dracaena fragrans
|
corn plant |
| 20 Dracaena fragrans
'Massangeana' |
variegated corn
plant |
| 21 Epipremnum aureum
|
golden pothos; pothos:
devils ivy |
| 22 Ficus elastica
|
'Decora' rubber
plant |
| 23 Ficus retusa
|
'Nitida' nitida |
| 24 Fius lyrata |
fiddle leaf fig |
| 25 Hedera helix
|
English ivy |
| 26 Howea forsteriana |
kentia palm; sentry
palm |
| 27 Hoya carnosa
|
wax plant; hoya |
| 28 Maranta leuconeura
|
prayer plant |
| 29 Monstera deliciosa
|
slit laf philodendron |
| 30 Nephrolepis exaltata
'Bostoniensis' |
boston fern |
| 31 Nephrolepis exaltata
'Dallas' |
dallas fern |
| 32 Nolina recurvata
(syn. Beaucarnea recurvata) |
ponytail palm |
| 33 Phoenix roebelenii
pigmy |
date palm |
| 34 Polyscias fruticosa
|
Ming Aralia |
| 35 Polyscias balfouriana
dinnerplate aralia; |
balfour aralia |
| 36 Radermachera
sinica |
china doll |
| 37 Rhapis excelsa
|
lady palm |
| 38 Schefflera elegantissima
(syn. Dizygotheca elegantissima) |
false aralia |
| 39 Spathiphyllum
'Mauna Loa' |
mauna loa peace
lily |
| 40 Syngonium podophyllum
'White Butterfly' |
white butterfly;
arrowhead ivy |
| 41 Yucca elephantipes
|
spineless yucca |
Annuals and Perennials Identification List
|
Scientific (Botanical)
|
Common Name
|
| 1 Achillea filipendulina |
fernleaf yarrow |
| 2 Achillea millefolium |
common yarrow |
| 3 Ageratum houstonianum |
Mexican ageratum; floss flower |
| 4 Ajuga reptans ajuga; |
carpet bugle |
| 5 Alcea rosea |
hollyhock |
| 6 Antirrhinum majus |
snapdragon |
| 7 Aquilegia X hybrida |
Columbine |
| 8 Artemisia schmidtiana |
'Silver Mound'silver mound
artemisia |
| 9 Asparagus densiflorus (sprengeri
group) |
asparagus fern |
| 10 Astilbe X arendsii |
astilbe |
| 11 Begonia X semperflorens-cultorum
fibrous begonia; |
wax begonia |
| 12 Bergenia crassifolia |
siberian tea |
| 13 Calendula officinalis |
pot marigold; calendula |
| 14 Canna X generalis
canna; |
canna lily (rhizome) |
| 15 Catharanthus roseus rose
periwinkle; |
Madagascar periwinkle; vinca |
| 16 Celosia argentea (Cristata
group) |
cockscomb |
| 17 Celosia argentea (Plumosa
group) |
plumed or feather cockscomb |
| 18 Centaurea Montana mountain
bluet; |
perennial cornflower |
| 19 Cerastium tomentosum |
snow in summer |
| 20 Coreopsis grandiflora |
coreopsis |
| 21 Cleome hassleriana cleome;
|
spider flower |
| 22 Convallaria majalis |
lily of the valley (rhizome) |
| 23 Coreopsis verticillata |
'Moonbeam' Moonbeam coreopsis |
| 24 Cosmos (species and hybrids)
|
cosmos |
| 25 Dahlia (species and hybrids)
|
garden dahlia |
| 26 Delosperma alba t |
white ice plan |
| 27 Delphinium elatum |
common delphinium |
| 28 Dendranthema X grandiflorum
|
chrysanthemum; garden mum |
| 29 Dianthus caryophyllus |
carnation |
| 30 Dianthus chinensis China
pink; |
rainbow pink |
| 31 Digitalis purpurea |
foxglove |
| 32 Echinacea purpurea |
purple coneflower |
| 33 Gazania rigens |
treasure flower; gazania |
| 34 Gomphrena globosa |
globe amaranth |
| 35 Gypsophila paniculata |
baby's breath |
| 36 Helianthus annuus |
sunflower |
| 37 Helichrysum bracteatum |
strawflower |
| 38 Hemerocallis (species, hybrids)
|
daylily |
| 39 Heuchera sanguinea |
coralbells |
| 40 Hosta (species, hybrids) |
hosta; plantain lily |
| 41 Hypoestes phyllostachya
|
polka-dot plant; freckle face |
| 42 Impatiens walleriana |
impatiens; sultana |
| 43 Leucanthemum X |
superbum shasta daisy |
| 44 Liatris (species, hybrids) |
liatris; gayfeather |
| 45 Limonium latifolium |
German statice |
| 46 Lobelia erinus |
lobelia |
| 47 Lobularia maritima |
sweet alyssum |
| 48 Lupinus 'Russell Hybrid'
|
lupine |
| 49 Matthiola incana |
garden stocks |
| 50 Mirabilis jalapa |
four o-clock |
| 51 Myosotis alpestris |
forget-me-not |
| 52 Monarda didyma |
bee balm |
| 53 Nicotiana alata |
flowering tobacco, nicotiana |
| 54 Paeonia (hybrids) |
Chinese peony |
| 55 Papaver orientale |
Oriental poppy |
| 56 Pelargonium X hortorum geranium; |
bedding geranium |
| 57 Petunia X hybrida petunia;
|
garden petunia |
| 58 Phlox paniculata garden
phlox; |
perennial phlox |
| 59 Phlox subulata |
ground pink; moss pink |
| 60 Platycodon grandiflorus |
balloon flower |
| 61 Portulaca grandiflora |
moss rose; portulaca |
| 62 Rudbeckia hirta |
black-eyed Susan |
| 63 Salvia farinacea |
mealycup sage |
| 64 Salvia splendens |
scarlet sage |
| 65 Schaevola aemula |
schaeola |
| 66 Schianthus x wisetonensis
|
butterfly flower |
| 67 Sedum spurium |
dragon's blood sedum |
| 68 Sempervivum tectorum |
hens-and-chickens |
| 69 Senecio cineraria |
dusty miller |
| 70 Solenostemon scutellarioides
(formerly Coleus X hybridus) |
Coleus |
| 71 Stachys byzantina |
lambs ears |
| 72 Tagetes erecta |
African marigold |
| 73 Tagetes patula |
French marigold |
| 74 Tropaeoleum majus |
Nasturtium |
| 75 Viola X |
wittrockiana pansy |
| 76 Zinnia elegans |
garden zinnia |
2 Year Division
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Robert Tullock, rjtullock@csupomona.edu,
909-869-2207
Student Coordinator - Sherry Schliskey
Saturday, April 6, 8:00 am
Agriscapes
GENERAL INFORMATION:
1. Each team will consist of 4 members
judging 4 sites. One alternate may accompany the team and
compete for individual awards only. The top three scores per
site will be used to tabulate team scores.
2. A tiebreaker system for individuals will involve estimates
of the % sand, silt, and clay for the upper 7 inches of the
surface horizon. Tabulating all 4 members' cumulative scores
will break team ties.
3. Fifty minutes will be allowed for judging each site - divided
between time in, time out, and free for all time. (10 minutes
in; 10 minutes out, 10 minutes in- 10 minutes out- 10 minutes
free.
4. Contestants may use a clipboard, hand level, containers
for soil samples, pencil (no ink pens), knife, water and acid
bottles, Munsell color book (H1 OR to H5Y), and ruler or tape
(metric preferred since all depths will be in cm.). A textural
triangle may also be used to assist contestants in completing
the % sand - silt - clay tiebreaker. Triangles will be supplied
at the contest. One is enclosed for your use prior to the
contest in Attachment 1. Rating charts (but not their written
explanations) for use in the interpretations section of the
scorecard will be supplied at each site. You do not have to
memorize the charts, but should know how to use them.
5. In each pit, a control zone will be clearly marked, and
is to be used only for the measurement of horizon depths boundaries.
This area will be the officially scored profile and must not
be disturbed. The profile depth to be considered, number of
layers to be described, and any other relevant data will be
provided at each site. A red marker will be placed somewhere
in the subsoil layer to assist contestants in keeping in line
with the official description. The depth in cm from the surface
to the red nail will be given on the site card.
6. Pit monitors will be present to enforce rules and deep
time. The official judge for the contest will be a NRCS soil
scientist.
7. Each contestant must give their score card to the pit monitor
before moving to the next site. Write your name, contestant
#, school, and site # on each card.
8. Stakes with red flagging will be set near each site for
slope measurement. Slopes will be measured between the stakes
that are set at approximately the same height.
SCORE CARD INSTRUCTIONS
The scorecard consists of three parts: I. Soil Morphology;
II. Site and Soil Characteristics; and III. Interpretations.
The Soil Survey Manual (Chapter 3, October 1993) and Keys
to Soil Taxonomy, 8th ed., 1998, will be used as guides. Any
significant deviations from these references will be noted
in this handbook.
I. SOIL MORPHOLOGY: In each
pit, you will be asked to evaluate up to five layers, and
describe them using standard terminology. The number of layers
to be judged will be on a card at each pit. The depth of the
substratum will be given on the site card. If the layer is
a Cr or R horizon, enter the depth, but do not describe anything
else. Morphological features need not be recorded for Cr or
R horizons. If they are, graders will ignore them and no points
will be deducted. For each layer, evaluate layer depth, boundary
distinctness, texture, course fragments, color, structure,
moist consistency, and accumulations. Be sure to
write clearly. Then, based on your understanding of soils,
your description, and this handbook's instruction, complete
the back side of the score card. (Part 2 & 3) For a complete
list of acceptable abbreviations, see Attachment 2.
A. DEPTH: (see SSM 3-134-135)
Horizon depths often cause problems. In order for the students
and judges to have a common base, we will use the following
guidelines. Please read this section carefully.
Up to five layers will be described
within a specified depth. You should determine the depth in
cm., from the soil surface to the lower boundary of each layer.
Thus, for a subsoil that occurs 23-37 cm. below the surface,
you should enter 37. The blank for the substratum layer's
lower boundary will not be graded, no matter what you put
in it, since this information is given on the site card.
A red marker will be placed somewhere
in a layer specified on the site card. Depth measurements
should be made in the control zone. The allowed range for
answers will depend on the distinctness, and to a lesser degree,
the topography of the boundary, as determined by the judges.
The depth to the red marker will be on the site card.
Please note the following: If a
lithic or paralithic contact (hard or soft bedrock) occurs
anywhere in the exposed control zone (within 150 cm.), you
will need to consider it in answering part II Water Retention
Difference, Effective Rooting Depth, and Permeability, as
well as in any rating charts used in part III. This is true
even if the contact is at, or below, the specified description
depth, and not an actual layer in your profile description.
If such a situation arises, assume your last layer's properties
extend to the contact. Be sure and note the contact depth,
while you are in the pit, even if it's below the description
depth.
If the contact is within the specified
description depth, it should be the substratum layer. Morphological
features need not be recorded for Cr or R horizons. If they
are, graders will ignore them and no points will be deducted.
B. DISTINCTNESS OF BOUNDARY:
The distinctness of horizon boundaries is to be evaluated,
as described on page 4-51, of Chapter 4. The distinctness
of the lower boundary of the last horizon is not to be determined.
The topography, or shape, of the boundaries will not be directly
considered, but it could influence contest officials.
As a guide, the following system
will relate lower depth and distinctness of boundary for full
credit.
| Distinctness |
Lower Depth Range |
| Abrupt |
± 1 cm |
| Clear |
± 3 cm |
| Gradual |
± 8 cm |
| Diff-use |
± 15 cm |
This method
of determining full credit may be modified on a given site
by contest officials.
C. COARSE FRAGMENTS: Coarse
Fragment modifiers should be used, if a horizon's coarse fragment
content is >=15% by volume. This modifier should be listed
on the score card. Do not enter your numerical volume estimate.
The following modifiers or abbreviations should be used:
| % Vo. |
Abbr. Modifier |
Abbr. |
Modifier |
| 0-14.9 |
none |
none |
none |
| 15-34.9 |
GR Gravelly |
CN |
Channery |
| 35-59.9 |
VGR Very Gravelly |
VCN |
Very Channery |
| >=60 |
EGR Extremely Gravelly |
ECN |
Extremely Channery |
D. TEXTURE: Texture for each horizon should be designated
as one of the 12 basic textural classes, listed in SMM 3-136-142.
Textual class names and coarse fragment modifiers (see below)
may either be written or abbreviated.
The following are the correct abbreviations
for textural classes. (The abbreviations are on the scorecard.):
| S |
Sand |
CL |
Clay Loam |
| LS |
Loamy Sand |
SICL |
Silty Clay Loam |
| SL |
Sandy Loam |
SCL |
Sandy Clay Loam |
| L |
Loam |
SC |
Sandy Clay |
| SI |
Silt |
SIC |
Silty Clay |
| SIL |
Silt Loam |
C |
Clay |
E. COLOR: (See SMM 3-146-157)
Determine moist color for each layer. In case of the surface
horizons, determine color on crushed samples. The color recorded
for soil material for any other horizon, including a mottled
horizon, should be the dominant matrix color, taken across
a broken ped. surface.
In this contest, 4 color classes will be used, and are differentiated
from each other on the basis of Munsell value and chroma.
The color of soil layers is often closely related to such
properties as drainage class, degree of oxidation or reduction,
and organic matter content. Color is also a major classification
criteria for surface soil, i.e., mollic vs. ochric epipedons.
Hues commonly range from 2.5 YR to 5 Y , with hues of 7.5
YR to 2.5 Y being most typical. The following table lists
the 4 color classes and their limits:
| COLOR |
HUE |
VALUE |
|
CHROMA |
| Dark |
any |
<=3 |
and |
<=3 |
| Medium & Bright |
any |
4-6 |
and/or |
3-8 |
| Medium & Dull |
any |
4-6 |
and |
0-2 |
| Light |
any |
>=7 |
and |
any |
F. STRUCTURE: (See SMM 3-157-187) Record the dominate
type (shape) of structure for each layer. Single grain and
massive are terms for structureless soils, but they are included
under shape. Single grain material has only loose mineral
grains present and is basically non-cohesive. Massive material
has no structural arrangement, but is coherent, and when the
soil is broken out, it consists mainly of fragments and some
mineral grains. If different types of structure occur in different
parts of the layer, give the type of the one that is prevalent.
If a horizon has compound structure (i.e. prismatic parting
to angular blocky),
give the primary structure. The following is a list of types
of structure:
| Type |
(shape) |
| GR |
Granular |
| PL |
Platy |
| PR |
Prismatic |
| CO |
Columnar |
| ABK |
Angular Blocky |
| SBK |
Subangular Blocky |
| MA |
Massive |
| SGR |
Single Grain |
G. MOIST CONSISTENCY: (see
SSM 3-172-177) Soil strength at field moisture capacity (moist
consistency) should be determined on samples from each horizon.
Moist consistency classes and abbreviations are as follows:
(please use abbreviations)
| Loose (L) |
Firm (FI) |
| Very Friable (VFR) |
Very Firm (FI) |
| Friable (FR) |
Extremely Firm (EFI) |
H. ACCUMULATIONS
AND MOTTLES: (see SSM 3-166-172)
Accumulations in the soil refers to concretions, nodules,
or soft masses, which are discrete localized concentrations
of chemical compounds. Black, red, and white are the choices
for accumulations.
Mottles (see SSM 3-154-157) For
this contest, mottles will be considered as subdominant colors
(high or low chroma) on ped. interiors, or surfaces, that
are the result of oxidation - reduction. The following features
will not be considered as mottles: clay skins, skeletons (sand
or silt coats), or other ped. coatings; concretions; nodules;
soft masses; krotovinas; rock fragment colors; roots, and
mechanical mixtures or horizons such as B materials in the
Ap. Mottles may be bright (chroma >=3) or gray (chroma
<=2).
More than one answer is possible
for this section, for a layer. If a layer has red iron nodules
and bright mottles, answer "red" only once. The
score card choices are as follows:
| None (-) |
No accumulations or mottles.
|
| Black (B) |
Iron - manganese or manganese nodules, concretions,
or soft masses. |
| Red (R) |
Iron nodules, concretions, or soft masses;
OR bright mottle (>=3 chroma), resulting from oxidation.
|
| Gray (G) |
Low chroma mottles (<=2), resulting from
reduction, which consist of reduced iron, and/or manganese
(or zones depleted of these). |
| White (W) |
Carbonate nodules, concretions, or soft
masses. |
II. SITE
AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS:
A. LOCAL LAND FORM: Select
the local land form of the site from the
choices on the score card. In a situation where two parent
materials are present, the land form will be selected on the
basis of the process that controls the shape of the landscape.
In most cases, this will be the lower parent material. For
example, if alluvium is underlain by residuum, which is exposed
in the pit, then an upland land form should be used. Only
one land form is to be identified at each site. Select the
one that best describes the situation. Dual or partial credit
may be awarded.
Flood plains: Land bordering on
an active stream, build up of sediment from overflow of a
stream. Although flooding may or may not occur frequently,
this landform is subject to inundation, when the stream is
at flood stage. Parent material is considered recent alluvium.
Stream terrace: A land form in
a stream or river valley, below the upland and above the current
flood plain, consisting of a nearly level surface, and a hill
slope leading downward from the surface. Terrace materials
were usually deposited by water.
Alluvial fan: A low, cone-shaped
deposit formed by material deposited from a tributary stream
of steep gradient flowing into an area with less gradient.
This includes colluvial and alluvial foot slopes. Parent material
is colluvium.
Sand dune: A hill or ridge, of
wind-blown sand. Parent material is Eolian sand.
Lake plain: A level landform located
on the bed of a former lake or pond, or underlain by stratified
lacustrine sediments. Parent material is lacustrine deposit.
Upland: Erosional land forms, which
are generally well above a stream valley, and on which residuum
is the lowest parent material in the soil profile.
B. PARENT MATERIAL: Mark
the appropriate parent material from the list on the score
card. Contestants must identify the parent material(s) with
each profile. If more than one parent material is present,
all should be recorded. However, at least 25 cm. of a parent
material must be present to be recognized in the parent material
section of the scorecard. Parent materials, like soils, do
not always tend themselves to easy classification, so the
contest officials may need to take the complexity of the situation
into account in scoring alternative interpretations. The following
are definitions of parent materials.
Recent alluvium: Unconsolidated
sediment of recent geologic age that were deposited by modem
(present day) streams. Recent alluvium will be restricted
to the flood plains of these streams. Stratification in recent
alluvium may, or may not be evident. Soil formation is limited
to no more than some development of soil structure, and this
is not always present.
Lacustrine deposit: Relatively
fine-textured (finer than medium sand), well sorted, stratified
materials deposited in lake or slack water environments.
Eolian sand: Primarily fine and
medium sand, that has accumulated through wind action, normally
on a dune topography.
Colluvium: A mixed deposit of rock
fragments and soil material accumulated on, and especially,
at the base of hill slopes. Colluvium results from the combined
forces of gravity and water, in the local movement and deposition
of materials. This viewpoint is consistent with that given
in Chapter 4, page 4-18, where: "Colluvium is used generally
for poor sorted debris, that has gravity, soil creep, and
local wash. "Material deposited locally, in the form
of alluvial fans, will also be considered colluvium.
Residuum: the unconsolidated, and
partially weathered mineral materials accumulated, by disintegration
of bedrock. This material has been thought of as weathered
in place, although some interpretations would call for significant
movement of materials, prior to the onset of soil formation.
C. SLOPE: Stakes with red flagging
will be located at each site, indicating where slope is to
determined. The slope ranges and classes are listed on the
scorecard. Each contestant should have his, or her, own hand
level. The tops of the stakes may not be at the same height.
D. DEGREE OF EROSION: (see
SSM 3-80-89) Degree of erosion for water will be judged according
to the guidelines below.
Deposition: A surface accumulation
less than 50 cm. of "recent" mineral material, on
the original soil. It usually has a different texture and/or
color, from that directly underneath it. If the "recent"
deposit is 50 cm. thick, or greater, it is considered a new
profile, and none to slightly eroded should be checked.
None to slightly eroded (class
1): The plow layer exhibits characteristics of the A horizon,
and has lost some, but less than 25% of the original A, and/or
E horizons. If the soil has not been plowed, you are to assume
this class of erosion.
Moderately eroded (class 2): The
plow exhibits characteristics of both the A, and underlying
horizons. It contains 25 to 75% of the original A, and/or
E horizons, with the remainder being derived from underlying
material.
Severely eroded (class 3): The
plow layer has lost more than 75% of the original A and E
material, with the remainder being derived from underlying
material. Some areas are smooth, but shallow gullies, or a
few deep ones, are common on some soils.
Very severely eroded (class 4):
The original A and/or E horizons have been completely lost,
so that the existing plow layer is composed entirely of underlying
material. Some areas may be smooth, but most have an intricate
pattern of gullies.
E. SURFACE RUNOFF: "Runoff
is the water that flows away from the soil over the surface,
without infiltrating" (SSM 3-111-115). The rate and amount
of runoff are determined by soil characteristics, management
practices, climatic factors, vegetative cover, and topography.
In this contest, we will use six runoff classes, and we will
consider the combined effects of surface texture, and slope
on runoff rate. For contest purposes, vegetation is irrelevant,
and you are to treat each site as if it were a plowed field.
The following guidelines will be used:
|
Texture of the
Surface Horizon
|
| Slope |
Sand Loamy Sand |
Sandy Loam, Sandy Clay Loam
Clay Loam, Slit Loam Silty Clay Loam, Loam |
Slity Clay Clay SAndy Clay |
| 0-1% |
very slow |
very slow |
very slow |
| 1-3% |
very slow |
slow |
medium |
| 3-6% |
slow |
medium |
rapid |
| 6-9% |
medium |
rapid |
very rapid |
| 9-15% |
rapid |
very rapid |
very rapid |
| >15% |
rapid |
very rapid |
very rapid |
*Ponded will be associated with
somewhat poorly, or poorly drained soils, in depressional
areas.
|
Texture of the
Surface Horizon
|
| Slope |
Sand Loamy Sand |
Sandy Loam, Sandy Clay Loam
Clay Loam, Slit Loam Silty Clay Loam, Loam |
Slity Clay Clay SAndy Clay |
| Concave |
negligible |
negligible |
negligible |
| <1% |
negligible |
slow |
medium |
| 1-4.9% |
very slow |
medium |
high |
| 5-20% |
slow |
high |
very high |
| >20% |
medium |
very high |
very high |
F. NATURAL SOIL DRAINAGE CLASS:
In this contest we will use 4 classes, by grouping excessively
and somewhat excessively in with well drained, and very poorly
into poorly drained. The 4 classes will be defined in terms
of color, shown below.
| Well |
The entire subsoil has
uniform bright colors (such as brown, yellowish brown,
or reddish brown), or lacks evidence of mottling. |
| Moderately |
Well The subsoil has uniform bright colors
in the upper part, and the lower part has dull gray mottling.
|
| Somewhat Poorly |
The entire subsoil is mottled with gray.
|
| Poorly |
The entire subsoil is dull gray. |
G. EFFECTIVE
SOIL DEPTH: (see SSM 2-26 & 3-134-145) For this contest,
effective soil depth is considered to be the depth of soil
to a root limiting layer, as defined in Soil Taxonomy (i.e.
duripan, fragipan, petrocalcic, lithic, or paralithic contact).
The various depth classes are listed on the scorecard.
H. & I. PERMEABILITY:
(Hydraulic Conductivity) In this contest, we will estimate
the permeability of the surface horizon (H) and the most limiting
horizon (I). As previously stated under Part I - "Depth",
you will need to consider a lithic or paralithic contact,
regardless of whether or not it is within your specific judging
depth. In this contest, such a contact will be considered
to have very slow permeability, and very slow will have to
be marked for "permeability/limiting". We will also
consider primarily texture, as it is the soil characteristic
that exerts the greatest control on permeability. Structure
will be a consideration for some layers with >35% clay.
Although the National Soils Handbook
lists more, we will combine slow, and moderately slow into
a slow class, and rapid and very rapid into a rapid class.
The five general permeability classes
will relate to texture as follows:
| Class |
Inch/Hour |
Textures |
| very slow* |
<0.06 |
sand clay, silty clay, and clay with massive
or weak blocky structure |
|
*Rate any Cr or R horizon as very
slow*
|
| slow |
0.06 - 0.6 |
silty clay loam or clay loam, sandy clay,
silty clay, or clay with weak to strong prismatic structure
|
| moderate |
0.6 - 2.0 |
very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, sandy
clay loam |
| moderate rapid |
2.0 - 6.0 |
loamy very fine sand, all sandy loams except
very fine sandy loam |
| rapid |
> 6.0 |
all sands, all loamy sands except loamy
very fine sand |
*Rate any natric horizon as 2 classes
slower than texture indicates*
J. WATER RETENTION DIFFERENCE:
(see SSM 6-292) Water retention difference refers to the amount
of water, in cm., a soil is capable of holding within the
upper 1.5 m., or above a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever
is shallower. We will use the following four classes (also
listed on the score card):
| very low |
<7.5 cm. |
| low |
7.5 - 14.9 cm. |
| moderate |
15.0 - 22.5 cm. |
| high |
>22.5 cm. |
Texture is an important factor
influencing moisture retention, and we will employ the following
estimated relationships:
| cm water/cm |
soil textures |
| 0.05 |
all sands and loamy coarse sands, loamy
sands |
| 0.10 |
loamy fine sands, loamy very fine sands,
and coarse sandy loams |
| 0.15 |
sandy loams, fine sandy loams, sandy clay
loams, sandy clays, clays, and silty clays |
| 0.20 |
very fine sandy loams, loams, silt loams,
silts, silty clay loams, and clay loams |
For a lithic
or paralithic contact, you are to assume that no water retention
occurs below the contact. If the contact is below the specified
judging depth, but above 1.5 m., assume that your last horizon's
properties extend to the contact for your calculations. If
a profile is not exposed to 1.5 m. and no lithic or paralithic
contact is visible, assume your last horizon's properties
extend to 150 cm.
Coarse fragments are also considered
to have negligible (assume zero) moisture retention, and you
will need to adjust your estimates accordingly (see example).
As example:
| Surface (A) |
0-27 cm. L 5% rock fragments
|
| Subsoil (B) |
27-99 cm. SIC |
| Substratum (BC) |
99-140 cm. SICL |
| Cr |
140+ weathered mudstone
|
Water Retention Calculations:
| Surface (A) |
27 cm. x 0.2 cm./cm. X .95* |
= 5.1 cm. |
| Subsoil (B) |
72 cm. x 0.15 cm./cm. |
= 10.1 cm. |
| Substratum (BC) |
41 cm. x 0.2 cm./cm. |
= 8.2 cm. |
| Cr |
|
= 0.0 cm. |
| |
High |
= 24. 1 cm. |
*Correction for the volume of coarse
fragments
III. SOIL
INTERPRETATIONS: Copies of the Land Capability Class Key,
and the three rating charts will be available for contestants,
at each site.
A. LAND CAPABILITY CLASS:
For a general discussion of the Land Capability system, refer
to Ag. Handbook 210. The following Land Capability Class Key
is a simplified version of the one used by NRCS and will be
used for this contest.
B., C., & D. ABBREVIATIONS:
Guidelines for interpretations for Roadfill, Septic Tank Absorption
Fields, and Sewage Lagoons are taken from Part 620 of the
revised National Soils Handbook (see Attachment 3). In the
contest, you will be supplied with the rating tables, but
not the written material. Therefore, you need to know how
to use the tables, not memorize them.
Where depths are critical, they
are taken from the control zone. The soil properties and their
restrictive features are listed in descending order of importance,
on the tables. On the scorecard, check the most severe limitation,
or worst suitability, and list the most restrictive feature
that gives the soil that rating (i.e., the one that is closer
to the top of the table).
Exception: When a soil has only
slight or good ratings on the table, check slight or good,
and list "none for the restrictive feature."
When 2 or more properties give
a soil the same rating (i.e., moderate- flooding and moderate-wetness),
list as the restrictive feature, the one that is closer to
the top of the table. A severe (or poor) rating always takes
precedence over a moderate (or fair) one.
Engineering test data will not
be available. You will need to rely on your judgment to evaluate
certain properties.
Properties on the tables relating
to AASHTO class, or group index, and Unified class will not
be used for this contest. To aid your understanding of shrink-swell,
permeability, and gypsum, the appropriate pages from Part
61 8 of the revised National Soils Handbook are enclosed for
you, in Attachment 1.
The following is a hypothetical
example rating soil "X' for septic tank absorption fields:
Soil "A" is a moderately
deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soil, which
is believed to have a seasonal high water table, at about
50 inches (127 cm.). Slope is 2%, and the soil is on a stream
terrace and has no flooding hazard.
The scorecard answer for limitation
would be "severe", and "percs slowly"
would be the restrictive feature listed. Notice that there
are 2 moderate limitations, "depth to rock" and
"wetness", but since there is a severe limitation,
it takes precedence over the moderate limitations. If soil
"A" had been shallow, instead of moderately deep,
"severe-deep to rock" would be the correct answer.
Please note: the depth column refers
to the effective soil depth. Also, permeability for the capability
class refers to the most limiting soil layers, and not Cr
or R horizons.
| ABBREVIATIONS: |
| Texture: |
S |
Sand |
Permeability: |
VS |
Very Slow |
| |
LS |
Loamy |
|
S |
Slow |
| |
|
|
|
NM |
Moderately Rapid |
| |
|
|
|
R |
Rapid |
| Slope: |
NL |
Nearly Level |
|
|
|
| |
GS |
Gently Sloping |
Erosion: |
N |
None to Slight |
| |
MS |
Moderately Sloping |
|
M |
Moderate |
| |
SS |
Strongly Sloping |
|
S |
Severe |
| |
ST |
Steep |
|
VS |
Very Severe |
| |
VS |
Very Steep |
|
|
|
CLICK HERE
FOR ATTACHMENTS.
4 Year Division
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Robert Tullock, rjtullock@csupomona.edu,
909-869-2207
Student Coordinator - Sherry Schliskey
Saturday, April 6, 8:00 am
Agriscapes
1. Each team
will consist of 4 members judging 4 sites. One alternate may
accompany the team and compete for individual awards only.
The top three scores per site will be used to tabulate team
scores.
2. A tiebreaker system for individuals will involve estimates
of the % sand, silt, and clay for the upper 7 inches of the
surface horizon. Team ties will be broken by tabulating all
4 members' cumulative scores.
3. Fifty minutes will be allowed for judging each site - divided
between time in, time out and free for all time. (10 minutes
in 10 minutes out; 10 minutes in; 10 minutes out; 10 minutes
free.
4. Contestants may use a clipboard, hand level, containers
for soil samples, pencil (no ink pens), knife, water and acid
bottles, Munsell color book (H10R to H5Y), and ruler or tape
(metric preferred since all depths will be in cm). A textural
triangle may also be used to assist contestants in completing
the % sand - silt - clay tiebreaker. Triangles will be supplied
at the contest. One is enclosed for your use prior to the
contest in Attachment 1. Rating charts (but not their written
explanations) for use in the interpretations section of the
scorecard will be supplied at each site. You do not have to
memorize the charts.
5. In each pit, a control zone will be clearly marked, and
is to be used only for the measurement of horizon depths boundaries.
This area will be the officially scored profile and must not
be disturbed. The profile depth to be considered, number of
layers to be described, and any other relevant data will be
provided at each site. A blue marker will be placed somewhere
in the subsoil layer to assist contestants in keeping in line
with the official description. The depth in cm from the surface
to the blue marker will be given on the site card.
6. Pit monitors will be present to enforce rules and keep
time. The official judge for the contest will be a NRCS soil
scientist.
7. Each contestant must give his or her scorecard to the pit
monitor before moving to the next site. Write your name, contestant
number, school and site # on each card.
8. Stakes with red flagging will be set near each site for
slope measurement. Slopes will be measured between the stakes
that are set at approximately the same height.
SCORE CARD INSTRUCTIONS
The scorecard consists of four parts: I. Soil Morphology;
II. Site and Soil Characteristics; III. Interpretations and
IV. Soil Classification. The Soil Survey Manual, United State
Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, (Chapter 3, October
1993), and Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 8th ed., 1998 will be used
as guides. Any significant deviations from these references
will be noted in this handbook.
I. SOIL MORPHOLOGY: For
a complete list of acceptable abbreviations, for parts B through
E of this section, see Attachment I. If there is no answer
for a particular box on the scorecard, it should be marked
with a dash (-).
A. HORIZONATION: The official
list for horizon designations and conventions will be Attachment
2
-Ch 3 pp. 13-36, "Designations for Horizons and Layer"
(from Keys to Soil Taxonomy 8th ed., 1998).
1. Horizon Designations:
a. Arabic numerals indicating lithologic discontinuities and
the prime used for horizons having otherwise identical designations,
should be placed in the first column. Note: For contest purposes,
discontinuity symbols will be used only when there are materials
of strongly contrasting particle size classes, as described
in Soil Taxonomy. Also, the "1" for first material
is understood and should not be entered. {Enter a dash (-)}
b. Master Horizon Symbol: Enter the appropriate master designation,
i.e., A, E, B, C, O, or R, and combinations of these letters
indicating transitional horizons (i.e., AB, BA, E/B, etc.).
Most transition horizons described in Keys to Soil Taxonomy
are possible.
c. Letter Subscript: Enter up to 3 symbols for subdivisions
of a master horizon. For contest purposes, you only need to
be familiar with the following subscripts:
b - buried genetic horizon. Do
not use if there is less than 50 cm. of newer soil material.
Do not use with C horizons.
g - strong gleying. Use only on subsurface horizons, whose
dominant matrix colors have chromas, and 2 or less that are
produced by wetness and reduction.
k - accumulation of carbonates. Use only with B or BC horizons.
p - tillage or disturbance. Used singly with A horizon.
r - weathered or soft bedrock.
ss - presence of slicken sides.
s - illuvial accumulations of sesquiotides and organic matter.
t - accumulations of silicate clay. Do not use with transition
or with Cr horizons.
w - development of color or structure. Use only with B and
not with transitions, and ever with another subscript except
b.
y - accumulation of gypsum.
z - accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum.
The conventions for ordering multiple
subscripts will be waived for the contest, i.e. Btk = Bkt.
d. Vertical Sequence Number: Enter
Arabic numerals whenever a horizon identified by a single
combination of master and subscript letters needs to be subdivided.
All master and subscript letters must be the same. (i.e. Btkl
- Btk2 is correct - Btkl - Btky2 is incorrect - Btkl - 2Btk2
is correct).
2. Depth: (see SSM 3-134-135) Horizon
depths often cause problems. In order for the students and
judges to have a common base, we will use the following guidelines.
Up to seven horizons will be described within a specified
depth. You should determine the depth in cm., from the soil
surface to the lower boundary of each layer. Thus, for a Btl
that occurs 23-37 cm. below the surface, you should enter
37. The blank for the lower boundary will not be graded, no
matter what you put in it.
A blue marker will be placed somewhere
in the third horizon. Unless
otherwise noted on the site card, no horizon less than 8 cm.
thick (no matter how contrasting) will be described. If the
site card does not indicate a smaller than 8 cm. minimum horizon
thickness and one occurs in the profile, combine it with the
adjoining horizon that is most similar. When two horizons
combine to a total thickness of 8 cm. or more, always describe
the properties of the thicker horizon.
Depth measurements should be made
in the control zone. The allowed range for answers will depend
on the distinctness, and to a lesser degree, the topography
of the boundary, as determined by the judges.
Please note the followings If a
lithic or paralithic contact occurs anywhere in the exposed
control zone (within 150 cm.), you will need to consider it
in answering Part 11: Water Retention Difference, Effective
Rooting Depth, and Permeability, as well as in any rating
charts used in Part Ill. This is true even if the contact
is at, or below, the specified description depth, and not
an actual horizon in your profile description. If such a situation
arises, assume your last horizon's properties extend to the
contact. Be sure
and note the contact depth, while you are in the pit, even
if it's below the description depth.
If the contact is within the specified
description depth, it should be described as one of your horizons,
and the appropriate nomenclature applied (i.e. Cr or R). Morphological
features need not be recorded for Cr or R horizons. If they
are, graders will ignore them and no points will be deducted.
3. Distinctness of Boundaries: The distinctness of horizon
boundaries is to be evaluated.
4. The distinctness of the lower boundary of the last horizon
is not to be determined. The-topography, or shape, of the
boundaries will not be directly considered, but it could influence
contest officials.
As a guide, the following system
will relate lower depth and distinctness of boundary for full
credit.
| Distinctness |
Lower Depth Range |
| Abrupt |
=± 1 cm |
| Clear |
=±3 cm |
| Gradual |
=+8cm |
| Diffuse |
=+ I5cm |
This method
of determining full credit may be modified on a given site,
by contest officials.
B. TEXTURE:
1. Sand and Clay: Estimates of percent sand and percent clay
should be made for each horizon, and entered in the appropriate
columns. Answers within plus or minus five of the actual values,
will be given full credit. Partial credit will be given at
the discretion of the contest officials. Actual contests of
sand and clay will be determined by laboratory analysis. These
estimates will also be used as "tie breakers" in
score.
C. COARSE FRAGMENTS: Modification
of textural classes is made, if needed, in the COARSE FRAG
column, when the soil contains more than 15 percent, by volume,
coarse fragments. For the purposes of this contest, the following
modifiers will be used when the volume of rock fragments is
between 15 and 35 percent.
Gravelly
Cobbly (includes stones and boulders)
Channery
Flaggy (includes stones and boulders)
If the volume of coarse fragments
is between 35 and 60%, prefix the appropriate modifier with
the word "very". If the volume is greater than 60%,
use the prefix extremely". Enter the correct abbreviation
for the coarse fragment modifier in the COARSE FRAG column,
not in the texture class column. Do not enter percent values
for coarse fragments. If coarse fragment modifiers are not
appropriate, enter a dash in the space on the scorecard.
The textural class for the less
than 2 mm fraction of each horizon is to be entered in the
column labeled CLASS. Any deviation from the standard nomenclature
(e.g., silty loam or loamy clay) will be incorrect. Acceptable
abbreviations are given in an attachment (Appendix 4) to this
guidebook. For sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam textures,
modifiers must be used if needed (i.e., very fine, fine, or
coarse).
D. COLOR: (See SMM 3-146-157)
Designate moist color using Munsell color book notation. Color
names will not be accepted (i.e., pale brown). Partial credit
may, at the discretion of the judges, be given for colors
close to the official answers. In the case of surface horizons,
determine color on crushed samples. The color recorded for
soil material for any other horizon, including a mottled horizon,
should be the dominant matrix color.
E. STRUCTURE: (See SMM 3-157-187)
Record the dominate type (shape). If the horizon lacks definite
structural arrangement, record the symbols for structural
arrangement, record the symbols -for structureless under grade
and single grained, or massive type. If different types of
structure occur in different parts of the horizon, give the
grade and type of the one that is prevalent. If a horizon
has compound structure (i.e., prismatic parting to angular
blocky), give the primary structure. The
following abbreviations will be accepted:
| Grade |
Type(Shape) |
| 0 Structureless |
GR Granular |
| I Weak |
PL Platy |
| 2 Moderate |
PR Prismatic |
| 3 Strong |
CO Colunuiar |
| |
ABK Angular Blocky |
| |
SBK Subangular Blocky |
| |
MA Massive |
| |
SGR Single Grained |
F. CONSISTENCY: (see SSM
3-172-177) Soil strength at field moisture capacity (moist
consistency) should be determined on samples from each horizon.
Moist consistency classes and abbreviations are as follows:
(please use abbreviations)
| Loose (L) |
Firm (FI) |
| Very Friable (VFR) |
Very Firm (FI) |
| Friable (FR) |
Extremely Firm (EFI) |
G. MOTTLES-.
(see SSM 3-154-157) Give the abundance and contrast of any
mottles that are present. For this contest, mottles will be
considered as subdominant colors (high or low chroma) on ped.
interiors, or surfaces that are the result of oxidation-reduction.
The following features will not be considered as mottles:
clay skins, skeletons, or other ped. coatings, concretions,
nodules, krotovinas, rock fragment colors, roots, and mechanical
mixtures of horizons, such as B materials in an Ap.
If there are mottles of more than
one color, use the most abundant kind in making abundance
and contrast determinations. If bi-colored mottles are equally
abundant, then use the most contrasting one. If no mottles
are present, then leave this box blank. For all contrast determinations,
compare the mottle color to the dominant matrix color, that
you determined in part C.
The judges will use the following
guidelines and abbreviations for mottles. Enter abbreviations
only on scorecard.
| Abundance: |
|
|
| F |
Few |
>2% |
| C |
Common |
2-20% |
| M |
Many |
<20% |
| Contrast: |
|
|
|
|
| (Difference in mottle vs. dominant matrix
color) |
| Abbrev |
Hue |
Value |
|
Chroma |
| F Faint |
0 |
<=2 |
and |
<=I |
| D Distinct |
0 |
3 to 4 |
or |
2 to 4 |
| |
1 |
<=2 |
and |
<=I |
| P Prominent |
2 |
>4 |
or |
>4 |
| |
1 |
>2 |
or |
>1 |
| |
2 |
>=O |
or |
>=O |
II. SITE AND
SOIL CHARACTFRISTICS:
A. LOCAL LAND FORM: Select
the local landform of the site from the choices on the scorecard.
In a situation where two parent materials are present, the
landform will be selected on the basis of the process that
controls the shape of the landscape. In most cases, this will
be the lower parent material. For example, if loess covers
glacial till and soil formation extends into the till, the
correct landform should be till plain. Or, if loess is underlain
by residuum, which is exposed in the pit, then an upland land
form should be used. Only one landform is to be identified
at each site. Select the one that best describes the situation.
Dual or partial credit may be awarded.
Flood Plains: Land bordering on
an active stream, builds up of sediment from overflow of a
stream. Although flooding may or may not occur frequently,
this landform is subject to inundation, when the stream is
at flood stage. Parent material is considered recent alluvium.
Stream terrace: A land form in
a stream or river valley, below the upland and above the current
flood plain, consisting of a nearly level surface, and a hill
slope leading downward from the surface
Alluvial fan: A low, cone-shaped
deposit formed by material deposited from a tributary stream
of steep gradient flowing into an area with less gradient.
This includes colluvial and alluvial foot slopes. Parent material
is colluvium.
Sand dune: A hill or ridge, of
wind-blown sand. Parent material is Eolian sand.
Lake plain: A level land form located
on the bed of a former take or pond, or underlain by stratified
lacustrine sediments. Parent material is lacustrine deposit.
Upland: Erosional land forms, which
are generally well above a stream valley, and on which residuum
is the lowest parent material in the soil profile.
B. PARENT MATERIAL: Mark
the appropriate parent material from the list on the scorecard.
Contestants must identify the parent material(s) with each
profile. If more than one parent material is present, all
should be recorded. However, at least 25 cm. of a parent material
must be present to be recognized separate parent material,
with an Arabic number and checked on the parent material section
of the scorecard. Parent materials, like soils, do not always
lend themselves to easy classification, so the
contest officials may need to take the complexity of the situation
into account in scoring alternative interpretations. The following
are definitions of parent materials.
Recent Alluvium: Unconsolidated
sediment of recent geologic age that were deposited by modem
(present day) streams. Recent alluvium will be restricted
to the flood plains of these streams. Stratification in recent
alluvium may, or may not be evident. Soil formation is limited
to no more than some development of soil structure, and this
is not always present.
Lacustrine deposit: Relatively fine-textured (finer than medium
sand), well sorted, stratified materials deposited in lake
or slack water environments.
Eolian sand: Primarily fine and medium sand, that has accumulated
through wind action, normally on a dune topography.
Colluvium: A mixed deposit of rock fragments and soil material
accumulated on, and especially, at the base of hill slopes.
Colluvium results from the combined forces of gravity and
water, in the local movement and deposition of materials.
This viewpoint is consistent with that given in Chapter 4,
page 4-18, where: "Colluvium is used generally for …
poor sorted debris, that has gravity, soil creep, and local
wash." Material deposited locally, in the form of alluvial
fans, will also be considered colluvium.
C. SLOPE. Stakes with red flagging will be located at each
site, indicating where
slope is to be determined. The slope ranges and classes are
listed on the scorecard. Each contestant should have his,
or her, own hand level. The tops of the stakes may not be
at the same height.
D. DEGREE OF EROSION: (see SSM 3-80-89) Degree of erosion
for water will be judged according to the guidelines below.
Deposition.- A surface accumulation less than 50 cm. of "recent"
mineral material, on the original soil. It usually has a different
texture and/or color, from that directly underneath it. If
the "recent" deposit is 50 cm. thick, or greater,
it is considered a new profile, and none to slightly eroded
should be checked.
None to slightly eroded (class 1): The plow layer exhibits
characteristics of the A horizon, and has lost some, but less
than 25% of the original A, and/or E horizons. If the soil
has not been plowed, you are
to assume this class of erosion.
Moderately eroded (class 2): The plow exhibits characteristics
of both the A, and underlying horizons. It contains 25 to
75% of the original A, and/or E horizons, with the remainder
being derived from underlying material.
Severely eroded (class 3): The plow layer has lost more than
75% of the original A and E material, with the remainder being
derived from underlying material. Some areas are smooth, but
shallow gullies, or a few deep ones, are common on some soils.
Very severely eroded (class 4): The original A and/or E horizons
have been completely lost, so that the existing plow layer
is composed entirely of underlying material. Some areas may
be smooth, but most have an intricate pattern of gullies.
E. SURFACE RUNOFF: "Runoff is the water that flows
away from the soil over the surface, without infiltrating"
(SSM 3-111-115). The rate and amount of runoff are determined
by soil characteristics, management practices, climatic factors,
vegetative cover, and topography. In this contest, we win
use six runoff classes, and we will consider the combined
effects of surface texture, and slope on runoff rate. For
contest purposes, vegetation is irrelevant, and you are to
treat each site as if it were a plowed field. The following
guidelines will be used:
|
Texture of the
Surface Horizon
|
| Slope |
Sand Loamy Sand |
Sandy Loam, Sandy Clay Loam Clay Loam, Silt
Loam Silty Clay Loam, Loam |
Silty Clay, Clay Clay Sandy Clay |
| 0-1% |
very slow |
very slow |
very slow |
| 1-3% |
very slow |
slow |
medium |
| 3-6% |
slow |
medium |
rapid |
| 6-9% |
medium |
rapid |
very rapid |
| 9-15% |
rapid |
very rapid |
very rapid |
| >15% |
rapid |
very rapid |
very rapid |
|
Texture of the
Surface Horizon
|
| Slope percent |
Sand Loamy Sand |
Sandy Loam, Sandy Clay Loam Clay Loam, Silt
Loam Silty Clay Loam, Loam |
Silty Clay, Clay Clay Sandy Clay |
| Concave |
Negligible |
Negligible |
Negligible |
| <1 |
Negligible |
slow |
medium |
| 1-4.9 |
very slow |
medium |
high |
| 5-20 |
slow |
high |
very high |
| >20 |
medium |
very high |
very high |
F. NATURAL SOIL DRAINAGE CLASS: In this contest we
will use 4 classes: well, moderately well, somewhat poorly
and poorly. This drainage class redefinition will be made
by grouping excessively and somewhat excessively with the
well drained classification, and combining the very poorly
with the poorly drained classification.
Excessively Drained -Water - This is water removed very rapidly.
The occurrence of internal free water commonly is very rare
or deep. The soils are commonly coarse-textured and have very
high hydraulic conductivity, or are very shallow.
Somewhat Excessively Drained - Water - Here water is removed
from the soil rapidly. Internal free water occurrence commonly
very deep. The soils are commonly coarse-textured, and have
high-saturated hydraulic conductivity, or are very shallow.
Well Drained - Water is removed from the soil readily, but
not rapidly. Internal free water occurrence commonly is deep,
or very deep. Water is available to plants throughout the
growing season.
Wetness does not inhibit root growth for significant periods.
The soils are free of redoximorphic features that are related
to wetness.
Somewhat Poorly Drained - Water is removed slowly, so that
the soil is wet at a shallow depth for significant periods,
during the growing season. The occurrence of internal free
water is shallow to moderately deep, and temporary to permanent.
Wetness markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops,
unless artificial drainage is provided.
Poorly Drained - The water 'LS removed so slowly that the
SOU is wet at a shallow depth periodically during the growing
season, during much of the growing season, or remains wet
for long periods. The occurrence of internal free water is
shallow or very shallow, and common or persistent. Free water
is common at or near the surface for long enough during the
growing season so that most mesophytic crops cannot be grown,
unless the soil is artificially drained. This soil is not
continuously wet directly
below the plow layer.
Very Poorly Drained - Here water is removed from the soil
so slowly that free water remains at, or near, the ground
surface during much of the growing season. The occurrence
of internal free water is shallow and persistent, or permanent.
Unless the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic crops
cannot be grown.
G. EFFECTIVE SOIL DEPTH: (see SSM 2-26 & 3-134-145)
For this contest, effective soil depth is considered to be
the depth of soil to a root limiting layer, as defined in
Soil Taxonomy (i.e. duripan, fragipan, petrocalcic, lithic,
or paralithic contact). The various depth classes are listed
on the scorecard.
H. & I. PERMEABILITY: (Hydraulic Conductivity)
In this contest, we will estimate the permeability of the
surface horizon (8) And the most limiting horizon (9). As
previously stated under Part I - "Depth", you will
need to consider a lithic or paralithic contact, regardless
of whether, or not, it is within your specific judging depth.-
In this contest, such a contact will be considered to have
very slow permeability, and very slow will have to be marked
for "permeability/limiting". We will also consider
primarily texture, as it is the soil characteristic that exerts
the greatest control on permeability. Structure will be a
consideration for some
layers with >35% clay.
Although the National Soils Handbook lists more, we will combine
slow, and moderately slow into a slow class, and rapid and
very rapid into a rapid class.
The five general permeability classes
will relate to texture as follows:
| Class |
Inch/Hour |
Textures |
| very slow* |
<0.06 |
sand clay, silty clay, and clay with massive
or weak blocky structure |
| * Rate any Cr or R horizon as very slow
* |
| slow |
0.06 - 0.6 |
silty clay loam or clay loam, sandy clay,
silty clay, or clay with weak to strong prismatic structure
|
| moderate |
0.6 - 2.0 |
very fine sandy loam, loan-4 silt loam,
sandy clay loam |
| moderate rapid |
2.0 - 6.0 |
loamy very fine sand, all sandy loarm except
very fine sandy |
| loam rapid |
> 6.0 |
all sands, all loamy sands except loamy
very fine sand |
Rate any natric
horizon as 2 classes slower than texture indicates *
J. WATER RETENTION DIFFERENCE:
(see SSM 6-292) Water retention difference refers to the amount
of water, in cm., a soil is capable of holding within the
upper 1.5 m., or above a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever
is shallower. We will use the following four classes (also
listed on the score card):
| very low |
<7.5 cm |
| low |
7.5 - 14.9 cm |
| moderate |
15.0 - 22.5 cm |
| high |
>22.5 cm |
Texture is an important factor
influencing moisture retention, and we will employ the following
estimated relationships:
| cm water/cm soil |
textures |
| 0.50 |
all sands and loamy course sands, loamy
sands |
| 0.10 |
loamy fine sands, loamy very fine sands,
and coarse sandy loams |
| 0.15 |
sandy loams, fine sandy loams, sandy clay
loams, sandy clays, clays, and silty clays |
| 0.20 |
very fine sandy loams, loams,
silt loams, silts, silty clay loams, and clay loams |
For a lithic or paralithic contact,
you are to assume that no water retention occurs below the
contact. If the contact is below the specified judging depth,
but above 1.5 m., assume that your last horizon's properties
extend to the contact for your calculations. If a profile
is not exposed to 1.5 m. and no lithic or paralithic contact
is visible, assume your last horizon's properties extend to
150 cm.
Coarse fragments are also considered to have negligible (assume
zero) moisture retention, and you will need to adjust your
estimates accordingly (see example).
| As example: |
| AP |
0-18 cm |
L |
2% rock fragments |
| A |
18-27 cm |
CL |
5% rock fragments |
| Btl |
27-40 cm |
SIC |
|
| Bt2 |
40-75 cm |
C |
|
| Btk |
75-99 cm |
SICL |
|
| BCk |
99-140 cm |
SICL |
|
| Cr |
140 cm + |
weathered mudstone |
|
| Water Retention Calculations: |
| AP |
18 cm x 0.2 cm/cm x .98* |
= 3.5 cm |
| A |
9 cm x 0.2 cm/cm x .95* |
= 1.7 cm |
| Btl |
13 cm x 0.15 |
= 2.0 cm |
| Bt2 |
35 cm x 0.15 |
= 5.3 cm |
| Btk |
24 cm x 0.2 |
= 4.8 cm |
| BCk |
41 cm x 0.2 |
= 8.2 cm |
| Cr |
|
= 0.0 cm |
| |
|
25.5 cm = High |
| *correction for the volume of coarse fragments |
K. SOIL INTERPRETATIONS:
A, B, C - Guidelines for interpretations for Roadfill, Septic
Tank Absorption Fields, and Sewage Lagoons are taken from
Part 620 of the revised National Soil Survey Handbook (see
Attachment 4 - pp. 38-48). In the contest, you will be supplied
with the rating tables, but not the written material. Therefore,
you need to know how to use the tables. Where depths are critical
they are taken from the control zone. The soil properties,
and their restrictive features are listed in descending order
of importance on the tables. On the score card, check the
most severe limitation, or worst suitability, and list the
most restrictive feature that gives the soil that rating (i.e.,
the one that is closer to the top of the table).
Exception: When a soil has only slight or good ratings on
the table, check slight or good, and list "none"
for the restrictive feature.
When 2, or more, properties give a soil the same rating (i.e.,
moderate-flooding and moderate-wetness), list as the restrictive
feature the one that is closer to the top of the table. A
severe (or poor) rating always takes precedence over a moderate
(or fair) one.
Engineering test data will not be available. You will need
to rely on your judgment to evaluate certain properties. Properties
on the tables relating to AASHTO class or group index, and
Unified class will age be used for this contest. To aid your
understanding of shrink-swell, permeability, and gypsum, the
appropriate pages from Part 618 of the revised National Soils
Handbook are enclosed for you on Attachment 5 - pp. 49-53.
The following is a hypothetical example rating soil "A"
for septic tank absorption fields:
Soil "A" is a moderately deep, moderately well drained,
slowly permeable soil, which is believed to have a seasonal
high water table at about 50 inches (127 cm.). Slope is 2%,
and the soil is on a stream terrace, and has no flooding hazard.
The score card answer for limitation would be "severe",
and "percs slowly" would be the restrictive feature
listed. Notice that there are 2 moderate limitations - "depth
to rock" and "wetness", but since there is
a severe limitation, it takes precedence over the moderate
limitations. If soil "A" had been shallow, instead
of moderately deep, "severe-depth to rock" would
be the correct answer.
IV. SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS:
A. DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS: Record the diagnostic horizons
with an X in the proper blank. Definitions are given in Soil
Taxonomy. There should be only one answer for epipedon. There
may be more than one subsurface horizon.
Unless otherwise given organic carbon data at a specific site,
color will serve as a substitute for organic carbon (i.e.,
if a horizon has mollic colors, it is assumed to have >-0.6%
organic carbon). Unless otherwise noted, base saturation win
be assumed to be >50% in all horizons.
B. ORDER CLASSIFICATION: Indicate the order classification
by placing an X in the proper blank. The definitions are given
in Attachment 3 - pp. 29-37 (from Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 8th,
1998, Appendix A).
ATTACHMENT 1: ABBREVIATIONS FOR SOIL MORPHOLOGY
| Textural Classes: |
| S |
Sand |
CL |
Clay Loam |
| LS |
Loam Sand |
SICL |
Silty Clay Loam |
| SL |
Sandy Loam |
SCLS |
Clay Loam |
| L |
Loam |
SC |
Sandy Clay |
| SI |
Silt |
SIC |
Silty Clay |
| SEL |
Silty Loam |
C |
Clay |
| Coarse Fragments: |
| %Vol |
Abbr. Modifier |
Abbr |
Modifier |
| 0-14.9 |
none |
none |
none |
| 15-34.9 |
GR Gravelly |
CN |
Channery |
| 35-59.9 |
VGR Very Gravelly |
VCN |
Very Channery |
| >=60 |
EGR Extremely Gravelly |
ECN |
Extremely Channery |
| Structure: |
| |
Grade |
Type |
(Shape) |
| 0 |
Structureless |
GR |
Granularly |
| 1 |
Weak |
PL |
Platy |
| 2 |
Moderate |
PR |
Prismatic |
| 3 |
Strong |
CO |
Columnar |
| |
|
ABK |
Angular Blocky |
| |
|
SBK |
Sub-angular Blocky |
| |
|
MA |
Massive |
| |
|
SGR |
Single Grained |
| Consistency: |
| L |
Loose |
Fl |
Firm |
| VFR |
Very Friable |
VFI |
Very Firm |
| FR |
Friable |
EFI |
Extremely Firm |
| Mottles: |
|
|
| Abundance |
F Few |
<2% |
| |
C Common |
2-20% |
| |
M Many |
>20% |
ATTACHMENT 1: ABBREVIATIONS FOR
SOIL MORPHOLOGY Contrast
(Difference in mottle vs. dominant matrix color)
| Abbrev. |
Hue |
Value |
Chroma |
| F Faint |
0 |
<=2 |
<=I |
| D Distinct |
0 |
3 to 4 |
2 to 4 |
| P Prominent |
0 |
>4 |
>4 |
ATTACHMENT
2
Appendix A - Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Designations for Horizons
and Layers, 8th ed., 1998
Designations for Horizons and
Layers
o Master Horizons and Layers
o Transitional and Combination Horizons
o Suffix Symbols
o Conventions for Using Letter Suffixes
o Vertical Subdivisions
o Discontinuities
o Use of the Prime
Designations for Horizons and
Layers
Genetic soil horizons are not the equivalent of the diagnostic
horizons of Soil Taxonomy. While designations of genetic horizons
express a qualitative judgment about the kinds of changes
that are believed to have taken place in a soil, diagnostic
horizons are quantitatively defined features, which are used
to differentiate between taxa. A diagnostic horizon may encompass
several genetic horizons, and changes implied by genetic horizon
designations may not be large enough to justify recognizing
different
diagnostic horizons. Genetic horizons are designated as follows.
Master Horizons and Layers
The capital letters 0, A, E, B, C, and R represent the master
horizons and layers of soils. These capital letters are the
base symbols to which other characters are added to complete
the designations. Most horizons and layers are given a single
capital-letter symbol; some require two.
0 horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material.
Some are saturated with water for long periods, or were once
saturated but are now artificially drained, others have never
been saturated.
Some 0 layers consist of undecomposed or partially decomposed
Utter (such as leaves, needles, twigs, moss, and lichens)
that has been deposited on the surface; they may be on top
of either mineral or organic soils. Other 0 layers consist
of organic material that was deposited under saturated conditions
and has decomposed to varying stages. The mineral fraction
of suchmaterial constitutes only a small percentage of its
volume and generally much less than half of its weight. Some
soils consist entirely of materials designated as 0 horizons
or layers.
An 0 layer may be on the surface of a mineral soil, or at
any depth below the surface if it is buried. A horizon formed
by the Illuviation of organic material into a mineral subsoil
is not an 0 horizon, although some horizons that have formed
in this manner contain considerable amounts of organic matter.
A horizons: Mineral horizons which have formed at the surface
or below an 0 horizon; they exhibit obliteration of all or
much bf the original rock structure and show Footnote.4ppc.&-A-1
one or both of the following: (1),an accumulation of humified-organic
matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction and not
dominated by properties characteristic of E or B horizons
(defined below), or (2) properties resulting from cultivation,
pasturing, or similar kinds of disturbance.
If a surface horizon has properties of both A and E horizons
but the feature emphasized is an accumulation of humified
organic matter, it is designated an A horizon. In some places,
as in warm and climates, the undisturbed surface horizon is
less dark than the adjacent underlying horizon and contains
only small amounts of organic matter; it has a morphology
distinct from the C layer, although the mineral fraction is
unaltered or only slightly altered by weathering. Such a horizon
is designated A because it is at the surface; however, recent
alluvial or eolian deposits that retain fine stratification
are not considered to be A horizons unless cultivated.
E horizons: Mineral horizons in which the main feature is
loss of silicate clay, iron, or aluminum, or some combination
of these, leaving a concentration of sand and silt particles.
These horizons exhibit obliteration of all or much of the
original rock structure. Footnote Appdx-A- I
An E horizon is most commonly differentiated from an underlying
B-horizon in the same sequum by a color of higher value or
lower chroma or both, by coarser texture, or by a combination
of these properties. In some soils the color of the E horizon
is that of the sand and silt particles, but in many soils
coatings of iron oxides or other compounds mask the color
of the primary particles. An E horizon is most commonly differentiated
from an overlying A horizon by its fighter color. It generally
contains less organic matter than the A-horizon. An E horizon
is commonly near the surface below an 0 or A horizon and above
a B horizon, but the symbol E can be used for eluvial horizons
which are within or between parts of the B horizon or which
extend to depths greater than normal observation if the horizon
is pedogenic.
B horizons: Horizons which have formed below an A, E, or 0
horizon; they are dominated by the obliteration of all ormuch
of the original rock structure and show one or more of the
following:
(1) Illuvial concentration of silicate clay, iron, aluminum,
humus, carbonates, gypsum, or silica, alone or in
combination;
(2) Evidence of removal of carbonates;
(3) Residual concentration of sesquioxides;
(4) Coatings of sesquioxides that make the horizon conspicuously
lower in color value, higher in chroma, or redder in hue,
without apparent illuviation of iron, than overlying and underlying
horizons;
(5) Alteration which forms silicate clay or liberates oxides,
or both, and which forms a granular, blocky, or prismatic
structure if volume changes accompany changes in moisture
content; or
(6) Brittleness.
All the different kinds of B-horizons are, or were originally,
subsurface horizons. Included as B-horizons, where contiguous
to other genetic horizons, are layers of illuvial concentration
of carbonates, gypsum or silica which are the result of pedogenic
processes (and may or may not be cemented), and brittle layers
that show other evidence of alteration, such as prismatic
structure or illuvial accumulation of clay.
Examples of layers that are not B horizons are: layers in
which clay films either coat rock fragments or cover finely
stratified unconsolidated sediments, regardless of whether
the films were formed in place or by illuviation; lavers into
which carbonates have been illuviated but which are not contiguous
to an overlying genetic horizon; and layers with gleying but
no other pedogenic changes.
C horizons or layers: Horizons or layers, excluding hard bedrock,
that are little affected by pedogenic processes and lack the
properties of 0, A, E, or B horizons. Most are mineral layers.
The material of C layers may be either like or unlike the
material from which the solum has presumably formed. The C-horizon
may have been modified, even if there is no evidence of pedogenesis.
Included, as C layers are sediment, saprolite, unconsolidated
bedrock, and other geologic materials, which are commonlv
noncemented and characterized by low or moderate excavation
difficulty. Some soils form in rmteri@ that is already highly
weathered, and if such material does not meet the requirements
for A, E, or B-horizons, it is designated C. Changes not considered
pedogenic are those not related to overlying horizons. Layers
that contain accumulations of silica, carbonates, gypsum or
more soluble salts are included in C-horizons, even if indurated.
However, if an indurated layer is obviously affected by
pedogenic processes, it is considered a B-horizon.
R layers: Hard Bedrock
Granite, basalt, quartzite, and indurated limestone or sandstone
is examples of bedrock designated R. R layers are cemented,
and excavation difficulty exceeds high. The R layer is sufficiently
coherent when moist to make hand-digging with a spade impractical
although it may be chipped or scraped. Some R layers can be
ripped with heavy power equipment. The bedrock may contain
cracks, but these are generally too few and too small to allow
roots to penetrate. The cracks may be coated or filled with
clay or other material.
Transitional and Combination
Horizons
Horizons dominated by properties of one master horizon but
having subordinate properties of another: Two capital-letter
symbols are used for such transitional horizons, e.g., AB,
EB, BE, or BC. The first of these symbols indicates that the
properties of the horizon so designated dominate the transitional
horizon. An AB horizon, for example, has characteristics of
6oth an overlying A horizon and an underlying B horizon, but
it is more like the A than like the B.
In some cases, a horizon can be designated as transitional
even if one of the master horizons to which it presumably
forms a transition is not present. A BE horizon may be recognized
in a truncated soil if its properties are similar to those
of a BE horizon in a soil from which the overlying E horizon
has not been removed by erosion.' A BC horizon may be recognized
even if no underlying C-horizon is present; it is transitional
to assumed parent materials.
Horizons with two distinct parts that have recognizable properties
of the two kinds of master horizons indicated by the capital
letters: The two capital letters designating such combination
horizons are separated by a virgule (/), e.g., E/B, B/E, or
B/C. Most of the individual parts of one horizon component
are surrounded by the other.
The designation may be used even when horizons similar to
one or both of the components are not present, provided that
the separate components can be recognized in the combination
horizon. The first symbol is that of the horizon with the
greater volume.
Single sets of horizon designators do not cover all situations;
therefore, some improvising has to be done. For example, Argic
Udipsamments have lamellae that are separated from each other
by eluvial layers. Because it is generally not practical to
describe each lamella and eluvial layer as a separate horizon,
the horizons can be combined but the components described
separately. One horizon then contains several lamellae and
eluvial layers and can be designated an "E and Bt"
horizon. The complete horizon sequence for this soil could
be: Ap-Bw-E and Bt I -E and Bt2-C.
SUFFIX Symbols
Lower-case letters are used as suffixes to designate specific
kinds of master horizons and layers. The term accumulation
is used in many of the definitions of such horizons to indicate
that these horizons must contain more of the material in question
than is presumed to have been present in the parent material.
The suffix symbols and their meanings are as follows:
a. Highly decomposed organic
material
This symbol is used with 0 to indicate the most highly decomposed
organic materials, which have a rubbed fiber content of less
than 17 percent of the volume.
b. Buried genetic horizon
This symbol is used in mineral soils to indicate identifiable
buried horizons with major genetic features that were developed
before burial. Genetic horizons may or may not have formed
in the overlying material, which may be either like or unlike
the assumed parent material of the buried soil. This symbol
is not used in organic soils or to separate an organic from
a mineral layer.
c. Concretions or nodules
This symbol indicates a significant accumulation of concretions
or nodules. Cementation is required, but the cementing agent
is not specified, except that it cannot be silica. This symbol
is not used if the concretions or nodules consist of dolomite
or calcite or more soluble salts, but it is used if the nodules
or concretions are enriched with minerals that contain iron,
aluminum, manganese, or titanium.
d. Physical root restriction
This symbol indicates root-restricting layers in naturally
occurring or man- made unconsolidated sediments or materials,
such as dense basal till, plow pans, and other mechanically
compacted zones.
e. Organic material of intermediate
decomposition
This symbol is used with 0 to indicate organic materials of
intermediate decomposition. Their rubbed fiber content is
17 to 40 percent (by volume).
f. Frozen soil
This symbol indicates that a horizon or layer contains permanent
ice. The symbol is not used for seasonally frozen layers or
for so-called dry permafrost (material that is colder than
O'C but does not contain ice). Don't look for these in Southern
California.
g. Strong gleying
This symbol indicates either that iron has been reduced and
removed during soil formation, or that saturation with stagnant
water has preserved it in a reduced state. Most of the affected
layers have a chroma of 2 or less, and many have redox concentrations.
The low chroma can represent either the color of reduced iron
or the color of uncoated sand and silt particles from which
iron has been removed. The symbol g is not used for materials
of low chroma that have no history of wetness, such as some
shales or E horizons. If g is used with B, pedogenic change
in addition to gleying is implied. If no other pedogenic change
besides gleying has taken place, the horizon is designated
Cg.
h. Illuvial accumulation of
organic matter
This symbol is used with B to indicate the accumulation of
illuvial, amorphous, dispersible organic-matter-sesquioxide
complexes if the sesquioxide component is dominated by aluminum
but is present only in very small quantities. The organo-sesquioxide
material coats sand and silt particles. In some horizons,
these coatings have coalesced, filled pores, and cemented
the horizon. The symbol h is also used in combination with
s as "Bhs" if the amount of sesquioxide component
is significant; but the color value and chroma. moist, of
the horizon is 3 or less.
i. Slightly decomposed organic
material
This symbol is used with 0 to indicate the least decomposed
of the organic materials. Its rubbed fiber content is 40 percent
or more (by volume).
k. Accumulation of carbonates
This symbol indicates an accumulation of alkaline-earth carbonates,
commonly calcium carbonate.
m. Cementation or induration
This symbol indicates continuous or nearly continuous cementation.
It is used only for horizons that are more than 90 percent
cemented, although they may be fractured. The cemented layer
is physically root-restrictive. The predominant cementing
agent (or the two dominant cementing agents) may be indicated
by using defined letter suffixes, singly or in pairs. The
horizon suffix km indicates cementation by carbonates; qm:
cementation by silica; sm: cementation by iron; ym: cementation
by gypsum; kqm: cementation by lime and silica; and zm: cementation
by salts more soluble than gypsum.
n. Accumulation of soilium
This symbol indicates an accumulation of exchangeable soilium.
o. Residual accumulation of
sesquioxides
This symbol indicates a residual accumulation of sesquioxides.
p. Tillage or other disturbance
This symbol indicates a disturbance of the surface layer by
mechanical means, Pasturing, or similar uses. A disturbed
organic horizon is designated Op. A disturbed mineral horizon
is designated Ap even though it is clearly a former E, B,
or C horizon.
q. Accumulation of silica
This symbol indicates an accumulation of secondary silia
r. Weathered or soft bedrock
This symbol is used with C to indicate root-restrictive layers
of saprolite such as weathered igneous rock, or soft bedrock
such as partly consolidated sandstone, siltstone, and shale.
Excavation difficulty is low to high.
s. Illuvial accumulation of
sesquioxides and organic matter
This symbol is used with B to indicate an accumulation of
illuvial, amorphous, dispersible organic-matter-sesquioxides
complexes if both the organic-matter and sesquioxide components
are significant, and if the color value and chroma, moist,
of the horizon is 4 or more. The symbol is also used in combination
with h as "Bhs" if both the organic matter and sesquioxide
components are significant, and if the color value and chroma,
moist, is 3 or less.
as. Presence of slickensides
This symbol indicates the presence of slickensides. Slickensides
result directly from the swelling of clay minerals and shear
failure, commonly at angles of 20 to 60 degrees above horizontal.
They are indicators that other vertic characteristics, such
as wedge-shaped peds and surface cracks, may be present.
t. Accumulation of silicate clay
This symbol indicates an accumulation of silicate clay that
has either formed and subsequently been translocated within
the horizon or has been moved into the horizon by illuviation,
or both. At least some part of the horizon should show evidence
of clay accumulation either as coatings on surfaces of peds
or in pores, or as lamellae or as bridges between mineral
grains.
v. Plinthite
This symbol indicates the presence of iron-rich, humus-poor
reddish material that is firm or very firm when moist and
hardens irreversibly when exposed to the atmosphere and to
repeated wetting and drying.
w. Development of color or structure
This symbol is used with B to indicate the development of
color or structure or both, with little or no apparent illuvial
accumulation of material. It should not be used to indicate
a transitional horizon.
x. Fragipan character
This symbol indicates a genetically developed layer that has
a combination of firmness, brittleness, very coarse prisms
with to many bleached vertical faces, and commonly a higher
bulk density than adjacent layers. Some part of the layer
is physically root-restrictive.
y. Accumulation of gypsum
This symbol indicates a gypsum accumulation.
z. Accumulation of salts more
soluble than gypsum
This symbol indicates an accumulation of salts that are more
soluble than gypsum
Conventions for Using Letter Suffixes
Many master horizons and layers that are symbolized bay a
single capital letter have one or more lowercase suffixes.
The following rules apply:
Letter suffixes should immediately follow the capital letter.
More than three suffixes are rarely used.
If more than one suffix is needed, the following letters,
if used, are written first: a, d, e, h, i, r, s, t, and w.
Except in the Bhs or Crt (footnote Appdx-A-3) horizon designations,
none of these letters are used in combination in a single
horizon.
If more than one suffix is needed and the horizon is not buried,
the following symbols, if used, are written last: c, f, g,
m, v, and x. Some examples: Btc, Bkm, and Bsv.
If a horizon is buried, the suffix b is written last. It is
used only for buried mineral soils.
A "B" horizon that has a significant accumulation
of clay and also shows evidence of a development of color
or structure, or both, is designated Bt (t has precedence
over w, s, and h). A "B" horizon that is gleyed
or contains accumulations of carbonates, soilium, silica,
gypsum, salts more soluble than gypsum, or residual accumulations
of sesquioxides, carries the appropriate symbol: g, k, n,
q, y, z, or o. If illuvial clay is also present, t precedes
the other symbol: Bto.
The suffixes h, s, and w are not used with g, k, q, y, z,
or o, unless needed for explanatory purposes.
Vertical Subdivisions
Commonly a horizon or layer identified by a single letter
or combination of letters has to be subdivided. For this purpose,
Arabic numerals are added to the letters of the horizon designation.
These numerals follow all the letters. Within a C horizon,
for example, successive layers may be designated C1, C2, C3,
etc.; or if the lower part is gleyed and the upper part is
not, the layers may be designated C1-C2-Cg1-Cg2 or C-Cg1-Cg2-R.
These conventions apply whatever the purpose of the subdivision.
In many soils, a horizon that could be identified by a single
set of letters is subdivided to recognize differences in morphological
features, such as structure, color, or texture. These divisions
are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, but the numbering
starts again with 1 wherever in the profile any letter of
the horizon symbol changes, e.g.: Bt1-Bt2-Btk1-Btk2 (not Bt1-Bt2-Btk3-Btk4).
The numbering of vertical subdivisions within a horizon is
not interrupted at a discontinuity (indicated by a numerical
prefix) if the same letter combination is used in both
materials; e.g.: Bs1-bs2-2Bs3-2Bs4 (not Bs1-Bs2-2Bs1-2Bs2)
During sampling for laboratory analyses, thick soil horizons
are sometimes subdivided even though differences in morphology
are not evident in the field. These subdivisions, too, are
identified by Arabic numerals, which follow the respective
horizon designations. For example, four layers of a Bt horizon
sampled by 10-cm increments are designated Bt 1, Bt2, Bt3,
and Bt4. If the horizon has already been subdivided because
of differences in morphological features, the set of Arabic
numerals that identifies the additional sampling subdivisions
follows the first numeral. For example, three layers of a
Bt2 horizon sampled by 10-cm increments are designated Bt2
1, Bt22, and Bt23. The descriptions for each of these sampling
subdivisions can be the same, and a comment can be added stating
that the horizon has been subdivided for sampling purposes
only.
Discontinuities
In mineral soils, Arabic numerals are used as prefixes to
horizon designations (preceding A, E, B, C, and R) to indicate
discontinuities. These prefixes are distinct from the Arabic
numerals that are used as suffixes to denote vertical subdivisions.
A discontinuity; which can be identified by a number prefix
is a significant change in particle-size distribution or mineralogy
that indicates a difference in the material from which the
horizons have formed. and/or a significant difference in age,
unless that difference in age is indicated by the suffix b.
Symbols to identify discontinuities are used only when they
can contribute substantially to an understanding of the relationships
among horizons. Stratification common to soils formed in alluvium
is not
designated as a discontinuity, unless particle-size distribution
differs markedly from layer to layer (i.e., particle-size
classes are strongly contrasting), even though genetic horizons
may have formed in the contrasting layers.
Where a soil has formed entirely in one kind of material,
the whole profile is understood to be material 1 and the number
prefix is omitted from the symbol. Similarly, the uppermost
material in a profile consisting of two or more contrasting
materials is understood to be material 1, but the number is
omitted. Numbering starts with the second layer of contrasting
material that is designated 2. Underlying contrasting layers
are numbered consecutively. Even when the material of a layer
below material 2 is similar to material 1, it is designated
3 in the sequence; the numbers indicate a change in materials,
not types of material. Where
two or more consecutive horizons have formed in the same kind
of material, the same prefix number is applied to all the
designations of hoame prefix number is applied to all the
designations of horizons in that material: Ap-E-Bt I -2Bt2-2Bt3-2BC.
The suffix numbers designating subdivisions of the Bt horizon
continue in consecutive order across the discontinuity.
If an R layer is present below a soil that has formed in residuum,
and if the material of the R layer is judged to be like the
material from which the soil has developed, the Arabic-number
prefix is not used. But the prefix is used if it is thought
that the R layer would produce material unlike that in the
solum e.g.: A-Bt-C-2R, or A-Bt-2R. If part of the solum has
formed in residuun-4 the symbol R is given the appropriate
prefix: Ap-Btl-2Bt2-2Bt3-2CI-2C2-2R.
A buried horizon (designated b) presents special problems.
It is obviously not in the same deposit as the overlying horizons.
Some buried horizons, however, have formed in material, which
is lithologically like the overlying deposit. A prefix is
not used to distinguish material of such a buried horizon.
If, however, the material in which a horizon of a buried soil
has formed is lithologically unlike the overlying material
the discontinuity is indicated by a number prefix, and the
symbol for the buried horizon is used in addition, e.g.: Ap-Bti-Bt2-BC-C-2ABb-2Btbi-2Btb2-2C.
In organic soils, discontinuities between different kinds
of layers are not identified. In most cases such differences
are identified either by letter-suffix designations if the
different layers are organic, or by the master symbol if the
different layers are mineral.
Use of the Prime
If a pedon contains two or more horizons of the same kind;
which are separated by one or more horizons of a different
kind, identical letter and number symbols can be used for
those horizons that have the same characteristics. For example,
the sequence A-E-Bt-E-Btx-C identifies a soil that has two
E horizons. To emphasize this characteristic, the prime (the
symbol') is added after the master- horizon symbol of the
lower of the two horizons that have identical designations,
e.g.: A-E-Bt-E'-Btx- C. The prime, when appropriate, is applied
to the capital-letter horizon designation, and any lower-
case letter symbols follow it: B't. It is used only when the
letter designations of the two layers in question are completely
identical. In the rare cases when three layers have identical
letter symbols, a double prime can be used for the lowest
of these layers: E".
The same principle applies in designating layers of organic
soils. The prime is used only to distinguish two or more horizons
that have identical symbols; e.g., Oi-C-O'i-C' when the soil
has two identical Oi layers, or Oi-C-Oe-C' when the two C
layers are of the same kind.
ATTACHMENT 3
Chapter 4 - 'Identification of Taxonomic Class of a Soil"
from Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 8th, ed., 1998
Identification of the Taxonomic
Class of a Soil
All of the keys in this taxonomy are designed in such a way
that the user can determine the correct classification of
a soil by going through the key systematically. The user must
start at the beginning of the Key to soil orders and eliminate,
one by one, all classes; which include criteria that do not
fit the soil in question. The soil belongs to the first class
listed for which it meets all the required criteria.
In classifying a specific soil, the user of Soil Taxonomy
begins by checking through the Key to soil orders to determine
the name of the first order which, according to the criteria
fisted, includes the soil in question. The next step is to
go to the page indicated to find the Key to suborders of that
particular order. Then systematically go through the key to
identify the suborder that includes the soil, i.e., the first
in the fist for which it meets all the required criteria.
The same procedure is used to find the soil's great group
class in the Key to great groups of the identified suborder.
Likewise, going through the Key to subgroups of that great
group, the user selects as the correct subgroup name the name
of the first taxon for which the soil meets all of the required
criteria.
The family level is determined, in a similar manner, after
the subgroup has been determined. Chapter 16 can be used as
one would use other keys in this taxonomy to determine which
components are part of the family name. However, the family
typically has more than one component, and therefore the entire
chapter must be used. The keys to control sections for classes
used as components of a family name must be used to determine
the control section before using the keys to classes.
In the Key to the orders and the other keys that follow, the
diagnostic horizons and the properties mentioned do not include
those below any densic, lithic, paralithic, or petroferric
contact. The properties of buried soils and the properties
of a surface mantle are considered based on whether or not
the soil meets the meaning of the term "buried soil"
given in Chapter 1.
If a soil has a surface mantle, and is not a buried soil,
the top of the original surface layer is considered the "soil
surface" for determining depth to and thickness of diagnostic
horizons and most other diagnostic soil characteristics. The
only properties of the surface mantle that are considered
are soil temperature; soil moisture (including aquic conditions),
and any andic or vitrandic properties.
If a soil profile includes a buried soil, the present soil
surface is used to determine soil moisture and temperature,
and depth to and thickness of diagnostic horizons and other
diagnostic soil characteristics. Diagnostic horizons of the
buried soil are not considered in selecting taxa unless the
criteria in the keys specifically indicate buried horizons,
such as in Thapto-histic subgroups. Most other diagnostic
soil characteristics of the buried soil are not considered,
however organic carbon if Holocene age, andic soil properties,
base saturation, and all properties used to determine family
and series placement are considered.
Conventional rounding conventions should be used to determine
numerical values.
Soil colors, (hue, value, and chroma) are used in many of
the criteria that follow. Soil colors typically change value
and some change hue and chroma depending on the water state.
In many of the criteria of the keys, the water state is specified.
If no water state is specified, the soil is considered to
meet the criterion if it meets the criterion when moist or
dry or both moist
and dry.
Key To Soil Orders
A. Soils which:
1. Do not have andic soil properties in 60 percent or more
of the thickness between the soil surface and either a depth
of 60 cm, or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact or duripan
if shallower; and
2. Have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the
following:
a. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or
fill their interstices. Footnote 4-1 and directly below these
materials either a densic, Ethic, or paralithic contact; or
b. When added with underlying cindery, 6agmental, or pumiceous
materials total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and
a depth of 50 cm; or
c. Constitute two thirds or more of the total thickness of
the soil to a densic, Ethic, or parauthic contact and mineral
soils which, if present, have a total thickness of 10 cm or
less; or
d. Are saturated with water for 6 months or more per year
in most years (or artificially drained), and have an upper
boundary within 40 cm of the soil surface, and have a total
thickness of either:
(1) 60 cm or more if three fourths or more of their volume
consists of moss fibers, or if their bulk density, moist,
is less than 0. I g/cm3; or
(2) 40 cm or more if they consist either of sapric or hemic
materials, or of fibric materials with less than three fourths
(by volume) moss fibers and a bulk density, moist, of 0.1g/cm3
or more.
Histosols
B. Other soils which do not have a plaggen epipedon or an
argillic or kandic horizon above a spodic horizon, and have
one or more of the following:
1. A spodic horizon, an albic horizon in 50 percent or more
of each pedon, and a cryic or pergelic soil temperature regime;
or
2. An Ap horizon containing 85 percent or more spodic materials;
or 3. A spodic horizon with all the following characteristics:
a. One or more of the following:
(1) A thickness of 10 cm or more; or (2) An overlying Ap horizon;
or
(3) Cementation in 50 percent or more of each pedon; or
(4) A coarse-loamy, loamy-skeletal, or finer particle size,
and a frigid
temperature regime in the soil; or
(5) A cryic or pergelic temperature regime in the soil; and
b. An upper boundary within the following depths from the
mineral soil
surface: either
(1) Less than 50 cm; or
(2) Less than 200 cm if the soil has a sandy particle size
between the mineral soil surface and the spodic horizon; and
c. A lower boundary as follows:
(1) Either at a depth of 25 cm or more below the mineral soil
surface, or at the top of a duripan or fragipan, or at a densic,
lithic, paralithic, or petroferric contact, whichever is shallowest;
or
(2) At any depth,
(a) If the spodic horizon has a coarse-loamy, loamy-skeletal
or finer particle size, and the soil has a frigid temperature
regime, or
(b) If the soil has a critic or pergelic temperature regime;
and d. Either:
(1) A directly overlying albic horizon in 50 percent or more
of each pedon or
(2) No andic soil properties in 60 percent or more of the
thickness either:
(a) Within 60 cm either of the mineral soil surface, or of
the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever
is shallower, if there is no densic, lithic, or paralithic
contact, duripan,
or petrocalcic horizon within that depth; or
(b) Between either the mineral soil surface, or the top of
an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is
shallower, and a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, duripan
or petrocalcic horizon.
Spodosols
C. Other soils that have andic soil properties in 60 percent
or more of the thickness either:
1. Within 60 cm either of the mineral soil surface, or of
the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever
is shallower, if there is no densic, lithic, or paralithic
contact, duripan, or petrocalcic horizon within that depth;
or
2. Between either the mineral soil surface,-or the top of
an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is
shallower, and a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, duripan,
or petrocalcic horizon.
Andisols
D. Other soils which have either:
1. An oxic horizon that has its upper boundary within 150
cm of the mineral soil surface, and no kandic horizon that
has its upper boundary within that depth; or
2. 40 percent or more (by weight) clay in the fine-earth fraction
between the mineral soil surface and a depth of 18 cm (after
mixing), and a kandic horizon that has the weatherable-mineral
properties of an oxic horizon and has its upper boundary within
100 cm of the mineral SOIL surface.
Oxisols
E. Other soils which have:
1. A layer 25 cm or more thick, with an upper boundary within
100 cm of the mineral soil surface, that has either slickensides
close enough to intersect or wedge-shaped aggregates which
have their long axes tilted 10 to 60 degrees from the horizontal;
an
2. A weighted average of 30 percent or more clay in the fine-earth
fraction either between themineral soil surface and a depth
of 18 cm or in an Ap horizon, which ever is thicker, and 30
percent or more clay in the fine-earth fraction of all horizons
between a depth of 18 cm and either a depth of 50 cm, or a
densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, duripan, or petrocalcic
horizon if shallower; and
3. Cracks Footnote 4-2 that open and close periodically.
Vertisols
F. Other soils that:
1. Have:
a. An aridic soil moisture regime; and
b. An ochric or anthropic epipedon; and
c. One or more of the following with the upper boundary within
100 cm of the soil surface: a calcic, cambic, gypsic, natric,
petrocalcic, petrogypsic, or a salic horizon, or a duripan;
or an argiluc horizon; or
2. Have:
a. A salic horizon; and
b. Saturation with water in one or more layers within l00cm
of the soil surface for 1 month or more per year in 6 out
of 10 years; and
c. No sumac horizon that has its upper boundary within 150
cm of the mineral soil surface.
Aridisols
G. Other soils that have either:
1. An argillic or kandic horizon, but no fragipan, and a base
saturation (by sum of cations) of less than 35 percent at
one of the following depths:
a. If the epipedon has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle
size throughout, either:
(1) 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon
(but no deeper than 200 cm below the mineral soil surface),
or 180 cm below the mineral soil surface, whichever is deeper;
or
(2) At a densic, Ethic, parauthic, or petroferric contact
if shallower; or
b. The shallowest of the following depths:
(1) 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic or kandic
horizon; or
(2) 180 cm below the mineral soil surface; or
(3) At a densic, Ethic, parauthic, or petroferric contact,
or
2. A fragipan and both of the following-
a. Either an argillic or a kandic horizon above, within, or
below it. or clay
films 1mm or more thick in one or more of its subhorizons;
and
b. A base saturation (by sum of cations) of less than 35 percent
at the shallowest of the following depths:
(1) 75 cm below the upper boundary of the fragipan; or
(2) 200 cm below the mineral soil surface; or
(3) At a densic, Ethic, parauthic, or petroferric contact.
Ultisols
H. Other soils that have both of the following:
1. Either
a. A mollic epipedon; or
b. Both a surface horizon, which meets all the requirements
for a mollic epipedon except thickness after the soil has
been mixed to a depth of 18 cm, and a subhorizon more than
7.5 cm thick, within the upper part of an argillic, a kandic,
or a natric horizon, that meets the color, organic-carbon
content, base saturation and structure requirements of a mollic
epipedon but is separated from the surface horizon by an albic
horizon; and
2. A base saturation of 50 percent or more (by NH4OAc)
in all horizons either between the upper boundary of any argiuic,
kandic, or natric horizon and a depth of 125 cm below that
boundary, or between the mineral soil surface and a depth
of 180 cm or between the mineral soil surface and a densic,
lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever depth is shallowest.
Mollisols
I. Other soils which have either:
1. An argillic, a kandic, or a natric horizon; or
2. A fragipan that has clay firms I mm or more thick in some
part.
Alfisols
J. Other soils which have either:
1. One or more of the following:
a. A cambic horizon; or
b. Aquic conditions within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface
for some time in most years (or artificial drainage), and
permafrost; or
c. Within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, the upper boundary
of one or more of the following: a calcic, petrocalcic, gypsic,
petrogypsic, or placic horizon or a duripan; or
d. Either a fragipan or an oxic horizon that has its upper
boundary within 200 cm of the mineral soil surface; or
e. A sulfuric horizon that has its upper boundary within 150
cm of the mineral soil surface; or
2. Nosulfidic materials within 50cm of the mineral soil surface;
and both:
a. In one or more horizons between 20 and 50 cm below the
mineral soil surface, either an n value of 0.7 or less, or
less than 8 percent clay in the fine-earth fraction; and
b. One or both of the following:
(1) A histic, a mollic, a plaggen, or an umbric epipedon,
or
(2) In 50 percent or more of the layers between the mineral
soil surface and a depth of 50 cm, an exchangeable soilium
percentage of 15 or more (or a soilium adsorption ratio of
13 or more), which decreases with increasing depth below 50
cm, and also ground water within 100 cm of the mineral soil
surface at some time during the year when the soil is not
frozen in any part.
Inceptisols
K. Other soils.
Entisols
CLICK HERE
FOR ATTACHMENTS.
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Melinda Burrill, (909) 869-2095, mjburrill@csupomona.edu
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 8:00 pm
Building 2, Rooms 112 & 113
1. This is an agriculture college
bowl competition where contestants answer oral questions by
responding with a buzzer to gain the opportunity to answer
the question. It will be a double elimination competition
with questions involving general agriculture from a variety
of disciplines.
2. There will be separate divisions
for two and four year programs. Teams will consist of four
individuals. Awards will be presented to the 1st and 2nd place
team in each division. There will not be any individual awards.
3. Each go-round will consist of
20 toss-up questions. The first individual to buzz in may
answer the question. If correct, that team will receive 5
points. If incorrect the team loses 5 points and the other
team may buzz in to answer. If correct they receive 5 points.
If incorrect, there is no penalty. No conferring with teammates
on toss-up questions.
4. Every 5th question will be a
special question. The right answer will entitle the team to
answer a bonus question worth 10 points if answered correctly.
Team members may confer on the answer. If answered incorrectly
there is no penalty.
5. The team which accumulates the
most points at the end of the game is the winner. In the event
of a tie, 5 additional toss-up questions will be asked to
determine the winner.
6. 20 seconds will be the limit
on time to respond to all questions.
7. Agribusiness questions will
concentrate on farm and agribusiness management, finance,
marketing, and other aspects of the global agriculture and
food industry.
8. Animal Science questions will
concentrate on the various disciplines of animal science such
as nutrition, reproduction, genetics, physiology and meats
as well as management systems including dairy, beef, swine,
sheep, horses and poultry.
9. Plant Science questions will
concentrate on the plant sciences and plant production systems,
including agronomy, horticulture, and soils.
10. General agriculture questions
will include mechanized agriculture, environment and natural
resources, agriculture and food policy, international agriculture,
and the food and consumer sciences.
11. A championship playoff between
the Junior and Senior division winners will be held in conjunction
with the awards banquet on Saturday night
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Les Young, lcyoung@csupomona.edu,
909-869-2180
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 1: pm
Building 2, Room 116
This contest will evaluate knowledge
of agricultural insects and parasites affecting productivity
of crops and livestock and will consist of three separate
components (written knowledge exam, laboratory practicum and
problem solving ) equally weighted with a possible 100 points
each. Thirty minutes will be allowed for each component. .
The maximum number of points per individual will be 300 points
and the maximum number of points per team will be 1200 points.
There will be both two year college
and four year college divisions; however the contest materials
will be identical for both divisions.. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
1. Knowledge exam: (written, 50
multiple choice questions @ 2 points each) = 100 pts
Knowledge of insects and their
relatives as to their importance in disease, health, everyday
life and as pests of structures, fabric, stored products and
crops; beneficial and adverse aspects.
2.. Laboratory Practicum: (written, 50 short answer questions
@ 2 points each) = 100 pts
Identification of important insects
and mites attacking agricultural crops such as the major field.
cereal, and truck crops as well citrus, avocados, deciduous
fruit, small fruit, berries,grapes, and nut trees
1. Problem Solving (10 problems
@ 5 points each each) = 100 pts
Pesticide categorization, toxicology,
safety and formulation.
The above subject matter lists may not be all-inclusive but
should provide a substantial guideline for training purposes.
All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen.
There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the four components.
Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest.
Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
(Domestic Farm Animals)
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Duane Sharp
Student Coordinator - Heather Elliott
Friday, April 5, 6:00 pm
Building 2, Room 112
1. This contest will consist of
three separate components (knowledge, practicum and problem
solving) equally weighted with a possible 100 points each.
Thirty minutes will be allowed for each component.
2. There will be both two-year
college and four-year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
3. Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. The maximum number of
points will be 300 per individual and 1200 per team.
4. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
5. A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however
only one team will be eligible for team awards.
6. Knowledge exam: (written, 50
multiple choice questions @ 2 points each)
a. Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology (male and female) (may
include all domestic farm animals)
b. Genetics (mitosis, meiosis, inheritance, sex-linked traits,
heritability, and mating systems)
c. Nutrition (comparative digestive systems, characteristics
of feedstuffs, functions of nutrients)
d. Animal Health ( immunology, infectious and non-infectious
diseases, zoonoses, parasites, and common treatments)
e. Livestock Management (gestation lengths and estrous cycles,
price cycles, feeding programs and management practices for
all species of domestic farm animals)
f. Livestock Evaluation (typical market weights and dressing
percentages, quality and yield grades, market classes, body
conditioning scores)
7. Laboratory Practicum: (written,
50 short answer questions @ 2 points each)
a. Identification of feedstuffs
b. Identification of breeds
c. Anatomy of livestock
d. Identification of diseases and parasites
e. Estimating quality and yield and/or USDA grades
f. Identification of livestock equipment
g. Interpreting DHIA records
h. Use of EPD's
8. Problem Solving: (written, 10
problems @ 5 points each)
a. Average Daily Gains and Feed Conversion Efficiencies
b. Use of Pearson Square
c. AUM's
d. Ration Balancing
e. Adjusting Milk Production Records
f. Converting dry-matter to as-fed basis
g. Standardizing weaning weights
h. Calculating MPPA'S AND SPI'S
9. The above subject matter lists
may not be all-inclusive but should provide a substantial
guideline for training purposes.
10. The contest may include questions
relating to beef and dairy cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses
and poultry.
11. All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen.
12. There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the three components.
13. Neither contestants nor coaches
will be allowed access to the contest site prior to the contest.
14. The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
Faculty Advisor
- Dr. Duane Sharp, (909) 869-2093, gdsharp@csupomona.edu
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 6:00 pm
Building 2, Rooms 112 & 113
This is a competition where the participants responsibilities
are to exchange ideas and information in an effort to solve
a problem. It is an exercise in cooperative problem solving,
with the questions, answers, and statements coming from any
quarter at any time.
1. The meet will consist of several
go-rounds depending upon the number of teams entered (minimum
of four).
2. One member of each team will participate in each go-round.
3. Each contestant, in voluntary order, will present a 1 minute
opening statement.
4. The moderator will open the floor for a 20 minute discussion
period.
5. Contestants will have 1 minute to prepare their summary
statement.
6 . Each contestant, in voluntary order, will present a 1
minute summary statement.
The participants responsibility
is to exchange ideas and information in an effort to solve
a problem. The discussion should not be "conversation
or aimless talk nor should the contestant take the role of
a persuasive speaker. The participant should attempt to cooperatively
shed further light on the problem and tentatively retain a
flexible position. A successful participant is a productive
thinker rather than an emotional persuader, who is free to
state beliefs and change positions whenever new information
and ideas make that a reasonable thing to do.
Generally speaking the discussion
should follow these steps:
1. State problem of need.
2. Explore, define, understand problem or need.
3. Identify causes of problem or need.
4. Elaborate all possible alternative solutions.
5. Evaluate and compare alternatives.
6. Test and project what appears to be the best solution
7. Arrive at ways to implement the solution.
Contest:
1. No contestant notes are allowed at the table prior to the
moderator starting the meet.
2. The moderator will introduce the contestants and re-announce
the topic to be discussed. He will call on the contestants
in voluntary order to make a 1 minute opening statement.
3. The moderator will then indicate the opportunity for open
discussion which will run a total of 20 minutes. The moderator
may, should discussion subside give "directed discussion
by encouraging contestants to consider other aspects of the
topic under consideration.
4. The timekeeper will indicate to the moderator when 5 minutes
of open discussion time remains in the round robin. The moderator
will indicate to contestants the time remaining. If the discussion
is lagging, the moderator may close the discussion at this
time.
5. The timekeeper will indicate to the moderator when 20 minutes
in the round has elapsed.
6. The moderator will stop open discussion and call for a
minute of quiet time allowing the contestants to consider
a closing statement.
7. Each contestant will be allowed 1 minute to present their
closing statement.
Hints For Contestants:
a. Study as much material as possible relating to the overall
topic.
b. The discussion meet should be a conflict of ideas, but
not personalities. Remember, this is a discussion not a debate.
c. Be prepared to ask questions, state facts and opinions,
and urge others to be specific.
d. Be aware of audience, but generally address the panel.
Talk loud enough to be heard by all of the audience.
e. Participate whenever it will contribute to furthering the
discussion without monopolizing.
f. Make notes of key points as the discussion proceeds for
use in summary statement.
g. Use your one minute time to organize your summary statement.
h. Stand and make your closing statement to the audience-use
accepted speech techniques-stay within the time limit.
There will be both two year college
and four year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded to
the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division.
Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually.
A school may enter two teams, with
all contestants eligible for individual awards, however, only
one team will be eligible for team awards.
Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
The discussion topic will be E-Mailed
to all teams entered by February 15, 2002.
Faculty Coordinator
- Dr. Art Parker, afparker@csupomona.edu,
909-869-2208
Student Coordinator - TBA
Friday, April 5, 3:00 pm
Building 2, Room 214
1. This contest will evaluate knowledge of agricultural management
principles and practices and will consist of three separate
components (written knowledge exam, problem solving, business
entrepreneurship) equally weighted with a possible 100 points
each. Thirty minutes will be allowed for each component.
2. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions. Plaques will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
3. Teams will consist of four (4)
members competing individually. The individual scores will
be totaled to determine team scores. Individuals may participate
but team members must be declared prior to the contest.
4. There will be both two year
college and four year college divisions. Plagues will be awarded
to the top three individuals and the top three teams in each
division. Rosettes will be awarded to the top three individuals
and the top three teams for each component in each division.
5. A school may enter two teams,
with all contestants eligible for individual awards, however,
only one team will be eligible for team awards.
6. 1. Knowledge exam: (written,
50 multiple choice questions @ 2 points each) = 100 pts The
areas that contestants should be familiar with are:
a. micro-economics
b. agricultural marketing institutions
c. basic principles of marketing
d. governmental policies affecting agriculture
e. basic concepts of finance, including ratio analysis
f. basic understanding of financial statements, their meaning
and use for firms
2. Problem Solving: This will consist of a mini-case where
you will be given financial statements for a hypothetical
firm and asked to do certain calculations that will lead to
the contestants being able to make recommendations and determine
the outcome of those recommendations on certain aspects of
the firm.
3. Business Entrepreneurship: This will be a case that is
to be analyzed by each team. You will be given information
about a firm and the market environment in which it operates.
This may include financial statements as well as other information.
Teams will be asked to prepare and deliver a 20 minute presentation
of your observations and advice. You will have one hour to
prepare. This is a team activity and all members are expected
to take part in your presentation. That is, each person is
to have a speaking part.
7. The above subject matter lists may not be all-inclusive
but should provide a substantial guideline for training purposes.
8. All contestants will be supplied
with the necessary answer sheets. No contestants will be allowed
to take any books, notes or paper into examination areas.
Each contestant is responsible for furnishing their own pencil
or pen.
9. There will be no communication
among the contestants during any of the four components.
10.Tabulation of the final scores
and results will be copied and made available to each participating
team at the end of the awards banquet.
11.The faculty contest coordinator's
announcement of individual and team placings will be final.
ART. I THE NAME
Sect. 1. The name of the conference
shall be the NACTA Judging Conference.
ART. II TEAM QUALIFICATIONS
Sect. 1. One team from any Junior
College, Technical College or University may participate in
each contest. Land Grant Colleges officially participate in
all contests except for livestock contests. (Resolution to
interpret this as the traditional General Livestock contest
adopted 4/24/93)
Sect. 2. Team members must be
enrolled in school during the current academic year and be
agriculture majors or agriculture minors doing undergraduate
study.
Sect. 3 An official contestant
shall be a team member competing for awards. Unofficial contestants
shall be those declared as not competing for awards, but involved
for experience. The decision to allow and/or limit the number
of unofficial contestants, the fees and the degree of participation
shall be at the discretion of the host institution.Ý
Partial teams will be eligible to compete.
Sect. 4. An "official"
contestant may participate only once in each of the contests
as a junior college student and only once in each of the contests
as a senior college student. Students may participate as official
contestants a maximum of twice in junior college division
and twice as a senior college contestant in the soils contest.
Sect. 5. Contestants for senior
institutions must have completed one semester or quarter of
college work and be in good standing with that college.
Sect. 6. The livestock team will
consist of five (5) judges who will judge and give reasons.
The four (4) high scores will be used in determining the eam
score. The dairy team will consist of four (4) judges who
will judge and give reasons. The three (3) high scores will
be used in determining the team score. The soils team will
consist of four (4) judges. The three (3) high scores per
pit will be used to tabulate the team scores.
ART. III REGISTRATION FEE
Sect. 1. Registration fee shall
be at the discretion of the host school, but the recommended
registration fee is twenty dollars ($20.00) per contestant
per contest. The host school shall be responsible for collecting
and handling all fees.
ART. IV OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
Sect. 1. The officers of the Conference
shall be a chairman and a secretary. The chairman and secretary
will be elected on alternate years and will serve for a period
of two years. The first secretary elected will serve for a
period of one year.
Sect. 2. The board of directors
shall consist of one (1) voting delegate from each participating
school.
Sect. 3. The board of directors
will meet during the annual contest each year to discuss the
matters pertaining to the conference.
ART. V. OFFICIAL JUDGES
Sect. 1. Selection of the judges
shall be at the discretion of the host school
Sect. 2. It shall be requested
by the host school that the official judges give the final
placings and reasons immediately following the giving of oral
reasons.
ART. VI. RULES FOR THE JUDGING
CONTESTS
Sect. 1. There will be a minimum
of nine (9) classes of livestock. It is suggested that there
be three (3) classes of each species. If this is not possible,
then a substitute class is required so as to have a minimum
of nine (9) classes. All classes of livestock shall be limited
to four (4) animals.
Sect. 2. There shall be a minimum
of eight (8) dairy classes composed by available breeds and
age groups. Four (4)Ý animals will make a dairy class.
Sect. 3. Four (4) sites for soil
judging will be selected by the host school. Each site should
have a pit which exposes the entire profile.
Sect. 4. A practice site shall
be included in the activities prior to the contest.
Sect. 5. There shall be a time
limit of fifteen (15) minutes for placing four (4) animal
classes. Time may be adjusted for the grading and type and
performance classes if they are in the contest.
Sect. 6. Fifty (50) minutes will
be allowed for each contestant to judge each soil site.
Sect. 7. Contestants in the soils
contest will be limited to a clipboard, pencil, a metric rule,
and a hand-held mechanical device for measuring slope. The
host school will mark at each site the points at which the
slope is to be measured.
Sect. 8. In all other contests,
the host school shall be responsible for contest rules. Such
rules should be provided to contestants 60 days prior to the
contests.
ART. VII ORAL REASONS
Sect. 1. Oral reasons shall be
given on at least two (2) classes of four(4) animals in each
livestock species.
Sect. 2. Oral reasons shall be
given on a minimum of three (3) classes in the dairy contest.
Sect. 3. There will be a two (2)
minute time limit per set of oral reasons.
Sect. 4. Selection of classes
on which the reasons shall be given will be left to the discretion
of the host school.
ART. VIII THE OFFICIAL SCORE
CARD
Sect. 1. The score card in use
at the host school will be the official score card for livestock,
dairy and soils contests.
Sect. 2. The score card to be
used shall be in the hands of the participating schools sixty
(60) days prior to the contest time.
Sect. 3. A test may be given in
the soils contest to break a tie.
AWARDS
Sect. 1. In all contests a minimum
of a first (1st) place and a runner-up trophy will be given
in team competition and an award will be given to the first
(1st) high individual.
Sect. 2. Additional awards may
be given at the discretion of the host school.
Sect. 3. The sweepstakes trophy
will be awarded to the institution either 2 or 4-year,that
receives the highest score based on the following criteria:
a. Equate the winning team in each contest to 1,000 points.
b. Calculate the percentage of the winning teams's total earned
by each team entered in the contest and assign to each team
the percentage of 1,000 they earned in relation to the winning
team.
c. If 3 or 4 contests are held, 3 contest scores will be used
to determine the sweepstakes winner.
d. If 5 or 6 contests are held, 4 contest scores will be used
to determine the sweepstakes winner.
e. If 7 or more contests are held, 5 contest scores will be
used to determine the sweepstakes winner.
f. The lowest percentage score(s) will be dropped if an institution
has teams competing in more than the minimum number of contests
used to determine the sweepstakes winner.
Sect. 4. Official contestants
from the hosting institution(s) shall be eligible for all
awards.
ART. X SCORING
Sect. 1. The host college will
be responsible for official scoring of the contests with tabulation
of the final scores being arranged, mimeographed, and sent
to each college entered.
ART. XI DISPERSAL OF INFORMATION
Sect. 1. The host college should
send to each college entered information regarding accommodations
available for the contest, particularly with regards to sleeping
quarters.
Sect. 2. Carcass information,
if available, on slaughter class should be sent to participating
schools.
ART. XII SUCCESSIVE MEETINGS
Sect. 1. A drawing shall be held
by the board of directors to determine the host school for
the following year, provided a volunteer has not come before
the group.
ART. XIII CHANGES TO THE CONSTITUTION
Sect. 1. A change of the constitution
will require a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote of the board
of directors present at the annual meeting.
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|
SAN DIMAS
|
Address |
Telephone |
| 1. Comfort Suites
|
501 W. Bonita Ave.
San Dimas |
(909) 592-0500 |
| 2. Motel 6 |
502 W. Arrow Hwy |
(909) 592-5631 |
| 3. Red Roof Inn
|
204 N. Village Ct.
|
(909) 592-2362 |
| 4. Extended Stay
America |
601 W. Bonita Ave.
|
(909) 394-1022 |
| 5. Sheraton Suites
Fairplex Pomona |
601 W. McKinley
|
(909) 622-2220 |
| 1. Shilo Hilltop
Suites |
3101 W. Temple Ave. |
(909) 598-7666 |
| 2. Shilo Inn Hotel |
3200 W. Temple Ave. |
(909) 598-0073 |
| 3. Kellogg West
Conference Center and Hotel |
3801 W. Temple Ave. |
(909) 869-2222 |
| CLAREMONT |
Address
|
Telephone |
| 1. Ramada Inn |
840 S. Indian Hill
Blvd. |
(909) 621-4831 |
| 2. The Claremont
Inn |
555 W. Foothill
Blvd. |
(909) 626-2411 |
| 3. Howard Johnson |
721 S. Indian Hill
Blvd. |
(909) 626-2431 |
| 4. Claremont Lodge |
736 S. Indian Hill
Blvd. |
(909) 626-5654 |
| 1. Embassy Suites
Hotel |
1211 E. Garvey Ave. |
(909) 915-3441 |
| DIAMOND BAR |
Address
|
Telephone |
| 1. Best Western
Diamond Bar |
239 Gentile Springs
Lane |
(909) 860-3700 |
| 2. Country Suites
by Ayres |
21951 Golden Springs
Dr. |
(909) 860-6290 |
| 3. Holiday Inn Select
|
21725 E. Gateway
Center. |
(909) 860-5440 |
| WEST COVINA |
Address
|
Telephone |
| 1. Best Western
West Covina |
3275 E. Garvey Ave. |
626-915-1611 |
| 2. Comfort Inn |
2804 E. Garvey Ave. |
626-915-6077 |
| 3. Embassy Suites |
1211 E. Garvey Ave.
|
626-915-3441 |
| 4. Hampton Inn |
3145 E. Garvey Ave. |
626-967-5800 |
| 5. Holiday Inn |
3223 E. Garvey Ave.
|
626-966-8311 |
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